-
What are the five characteristics of life?
- 1. Cellular Respiration
- 2. Metabolism
- 3. Responsiveness
- 4. Growth and Development
- 5. Reproduction
- (CMRGR)
-
What are the simplest organisms? (Think number of cells)
Unicellular
-
What are complex organisms (Think number of cells)
Multi-celled with cells that have CELL SPECIALIZATION.
-
Name some unicellular organisms;
bacteria, SOME protists (protozoans, phytoplankton), yeast
-
Name some complex organisms;
Animals, plants, fungi, SOME protists (algae)
-
What is the order of the organization of life from smallest to largest?
- -Atoms
- -Biological macro-molecules
- -Organelles
- -Cells
- -Tissues
- -Organs
- -Organ systems
- -Organisms
- (A bad orc could toast other obese orcs)
-
Name some biological macro-molecules
- -Proteins
- -Lipids
- -Carbohydrates
- -Nucleic acid
-
Name some organelles
- -nucleus
- -ribosomes
- -mitochondria
-
Name some kinds of cells
- -Muscle cells
- -Nerve cells
-
Name some types of tissues
- -Nerve tissue
- -Wood tissue
- -Parenchyma
-
-
Name some organ systems
- -Cardiovascular system
- -Muscular system
- -Nervous system
- -Root system
-
What is a stimulus?
A change in an environment that causes a response
-
Give some examples of stimuli
Temperature, pH, or acidity changes
-
What is a response?
A reaction to a stimulus
-
Why does an organism have a response to stimuli?
Because organisms want to maintain homeostasis
-
What is homeostasis?
A steady state of unchanging, stable internal conditions
-
What systems figure out the stimulus and form a response?
The nervous and endocrine systems
-
What is regulation?
All processes which help an organism to maintain homeostasis
-
What is evolution?
A long term response to environmental stimuli; species adapt and change in response to challenging environmental conditions
-
Give an example of evolution
A food shortage -> Organism starts to eat a new kind of food -> Body slowly changes in order to obtain food
-
How to unicellular organisms grow and develop?
They increase in size (grow in individual cell volume)
-
How to multicellular organisms grow and develop?
They increase in the number of cells and their cells increase in volume
-
What is cell division called?
Mitosis
-
In growth and development of organisms, there is a balance between what two things having to do with cells?
# of cells that die and # of cells reproduced
-
Wat is development?
Changes that an organism goes through as it reaches mature adult form
-
What are the 9 stages of development?
- 1. Zygote
- 2. Morula (32)
- 3. Blastula (Hollow; in uterus wall)
- 4. Gastrula (MANY layers)
- 5. Embryo
- 6. Fetus
- 7. Newborn
- 8. Child
- 9. Adult
-
What are telomeres?
The protective tips at the ends of strands of DNA
-
Is reproduction necessary to the life of an individual?
No
-
Is reproduction essential for the species's creation of new organisms?
Heck, yeah!
-
What is A-sexual reproduction?
One parent, NO genetic variation, ENERGETICALLY INEXPENSIVE
-
What is sexual reproduction?
Two parents, genetic variation, ENERGETICALLY EXPENSIVE
-
What is the difference between sexual and a-sexual reproduction?
-A-sexual reproduction has one parent whereas sexual has two
-A-sexual reproduction has absolutely NO genetic variation through the generations, whereas sexual has a fair amount of genetic variation
-A-sexual reproduction is NOT energetically expensive, where sexual reproduction is
-
What is DNA?
A molecule that caries an individual's genetic code and determines the organism's identity and physical traits
-
What is a gene?
A specific region of DNS that causes the expression of a particular physical trait
-
What are some physical traits that genes can effect?
Eye color, hair color, number of muscle cells, etc
-
What's the difference between a gene, DNA, and a chromosome?
A gene is a specific section of DNA which is a molecule that carries genetic code. A chromosome is essentially a grouping of DNA
-
What is number one representing?
A Zygote
-
What is number two representing?
A Morula
-
What is number three representing?
A Blastula
-
What is number four representing?
A Gastrula
-
What is a chromosome?
Thread-like structures of packaged DNA with a centromere as a center point, and two sets of "arms;" The p arms, or shorter set of arms, and the q arms, or the longer set of arms
-
What are muscle striations?
On muscles, they appear as stripes on segments of the muscle cells, and they help for the muscle cells to be stronger
-
Is Skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary>
voluntary
-
Is skeletal muscle striated or non-striated?
striated
-
Where is skeletal muscle found
Attatched to the skeleton
-
What is the purpose of skeletal muscle
Movement of the body
-
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
-
Is smooth muscle striated or non-striated?
Non-striated
-
Where is smooth muscle found?
On the walls of hollow organs or blood vessels
-
What is the purpose of smooth muscle?
Involuntary movements such as peristalsis
-
What is peristalsis?
The involuntary movement that is a wave of contractions; ie peristalsis is used to squish/push food from the mouth to the stomach
-
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
-
Is cardiac muscle striated or non-striated?
striated
-
Where is cardiac muscle found?
The heart
-
What is the purpose of cardiac muscle?
It causes contractions of the heart
-
What kind of muscle is this?
Skeletal
-
What does smooth muscle look like?
Oval-like things that just slightly overlap with nuclei anywhere
-
What does cardiac muscle look like?
"Random" blobs with nuclei anywhere
-
What is an origin?
A point where muscle attaches to the stationary bone (doesn't move during flexing)
-
What is the insertion?
The point where muscle attaches to the moving bone. Muscles often work in antagonistic pairs at a joint
-
How to antagonistic pairs work?
One muscle contracts to bend a joint and the other contracts to straighten the joint
-
What is a flexor?
A muscle that bends the joing
-
What is an extensor?
A muscle that straightens a joing
-
Label the diagram
-
What are the five functions of a skeletal system?
- -Supports the entire body (fights gravity)
- -Protects portions of the body
- -Produces blood cells
- -Stores calcium, a mineral which gives strength to bones (involved in muscular contractions and nerve functions)
- -Provides a place for muscles to attach
-
What is the axial skeleton?
The part of the skeleton that runs from the top of the head to the hips, containing the skull, vertebral column, and ribs (think central)
-
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones that branch out from the axial skeleton, including the pelvis, scapula, clavicle, and bones of the arms and legs (think appendages)
-
Label this Generalized Bone Structure Diagram
-
True or false: Bone are not alive
FALZIES. BONES ARE ALIVE
-
What is the periosteum?
THe touch membrane which covers the bone surface which contains many blood vessels and nerves
-
What is compact bone?
The layer which is the hard part of the bone; contains "Haversian" canals
-
What are Haversian canals?
Channels where blood vessels are found in compact bone
-
What is spongy bone?
Hard, but not dense bone; makes bones light yet strong
-
What are the two types of blood marrow?
Red and yellow marrow
-
Where is red marrow found?
In spongy bones
-
What does red marrow do?
It produces red blood cells and white blood cels
-
What is yellow marrow?
consists of fat cells and acts as an energy reserve
-
What is ossification?
The process of hardening cartilage into bone through the addition of minerals such as calcium
-
What is Cartilage?
A type of flexible tissure
-
What does cartilage do?
Provides support, flexibility, and cushioning
-
Where is cartilage found?
In the nose, ears, between vertebrae, and in between bones in joints
-
What are joints?
The location where to bones meet
-
What are the three types of joints?
Fixed joints, semimovable joints, and movable joints
-
What are fixed joints?
No movement where bones meet (ex. the skull)
-
What are semi-movable joints?
joints that permit limited movement (ex. vertebral column and ribs)
-
What are movable joints?
Joints that allow movement where bones meet
-
What are the five kinds of movable joints?
- 1. Hinge
- 2. Ball & socket
- 3. Pivot
- 4. Gliding
- 5. Saddle
- (HBPGS)
-
What is a hinge joint (it's movable)
A joint that moves back and forth (ex. elbow and knee
-
What is a ball and socket joint? (it's movable)
A joint that rotates in a circle, up, down, forward, and backwards (ex. hip and shoulder)
-
What is a pivot joint? (it's movable)
A joint that can move side to side and up and down (ex. top (1st and second vertebrae) of the vertaebral column)
-
What is a gliding joint? (it's movable)
A joint which allows bones to slide over one another (ex. wrist and foot bones)
-
What is a saddle joint? (it's movable)
A joint which allows to rotate the thumb and grasp objects
-
What is a ligament?
A tough band of connective tissue which holds bones of a joint in place (BONE to BONE) (think of a GARMENT on a skeleton)
-
What is synovial fluid?
A lubricating substance secreted by cells lining the surface of a joint
-
What is a tendon?
Connective tissue which holds MUSCLE to a BONE (think that muscles TEND to get sore)
-
What is a hormone?
a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that specifically influences certain target cells (Hormones are the texts of the body)
-
What is the endocrine system?
A system of glands that transmit chemical messages throughout the body
-
What are 7 examples of endocrine glands?
- 1. Pineal gland
- 2. Pituitary gland
- 3. Adrenal gland
- 4. Thyroid gland
- 5. Parathyroid gland
- 6. Ovaries/testes
- 7. Pancreas
-
Does it take a long or a short time for a message to be sent through the nervous system?
a short time
-
Is the response of a nervous system message rapid or gradual?
Rapid
-
What kinds of messages are sent through the nervous system?
Electrochemical signals
-
Does it take a long or a short time for a message to be sent through the endocrine system?
A long time (2-4 seconds)
-
Is the response of an endocrine system message rapid or gradual?
Gradual over a couple of minutes
-
What kind of messages are sent through the endocrine system?
Chemicals dissolved in blood
-
What is negative feedback?
A change of bodily conditions outside the acceptable range that triggers an automatic response to maintain homeostasis
-
What is the Negative Feedback Mechanism/Loop?
The release of a specific hormone that corrects or negates the original stimulus
-
Suppose the stimulus is you eat and your blood sugar level rises; form the negative feedback loop for this situation.
- Normal blood sugar level
- ⇩
- "Eat!"
- Stimulus: blood sugar level rises
- ⇩
- Receptor: pancreas
- Control center: pancreas releases the hormone insulin
- Effector: body cells open cell membranes to glucose
- ⇩
- response: blood glucose lowers
- ⇩
- Normal blood sugar level
-
What 3 things does the nervous system do?
- -Senses changes in the environment
- -Allows responses to stimuli
- -Maintains homeostasis
-
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS comprised of?
The brain in spinal chord
-
Name five functions of the brain
- -Controls and coordinates voluntary muscular activity
- -Think, learn, reason, and remember
- -Receives input from sensory organs and responds
- -Maintains balance
- -Controls the movement of involuntary muscle
-
What is the Peripheral Nervous System comprised of?
Nerve pathways outside of the CNS; made up of two divisions
-
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
The sensory and motor divisions
-
What makes up the Sensory division of the PNS?
Sensory receptors and neurons
-
What makes up the Motor division of the PNS?
Motor neurons
-
What does the Sensory division of the PNS do?
It acquires information from external and internal environments and relays it to the CNS
-
What are three types of Sensory neurons/nerve cells and what do they respond to?
- Thermoreceptors - Changes in temperature
- Pain receptors - Tissue damage
- Mechanoreceptors - Movement and pressure
-
What does the Motor division of the PNS do?
It conducts response of CNS to effectors and allows the body, through muscles and glands, to respond to sensory input; conducts electrochemical signals to muscles/glands
-
What is an effector?
A muscle or gland stimulated by a neuron
-
What is a neurotransmitter?
A chemical released by axon terminals that diffuse and carry the neuron's signal across the synapse
-
What does a cell body contain?
The nucleus and organelles
-
What are dendrites?
Membrane-bound extensions from the cell body that receive signals from other nerve cells
-
What is an axon?
A long, membrane-bound projection that transmits signals away from the cell body
-
What is the axon terminal?
The end of the axon which may stimulate a muscle, gland, or another nerve cell
-
What is the myelin sheath?
A lipid layer around most nerve cells that insulates and speeds the transmission of electrochemical signals
-
Draw a reflex arc of someone stubbing their toe
-
Label the diagram
|
|
