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Define Anthropology? what is it?
- The study of human kind past and present
- involves holistic approach, study of the whole human condition
- involves 4 subfields: linguistic Anthropology, archaeological anthropology, biological anthropology, sociocultural anthropology
- comparative cross cultural approach is essential
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who are the dobe ju'hoansi? where do they live?
- best-documented foraging society in south africa, kalahari, particulrly dobe area
- live in bands and settle around watering holes
- communicate using click sounds
- social system based on kinship, reciprocity, and sharing
- lack formal law
- egalitarian society
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organized life in groups typical of humans and other animals including baboons, rats, ants
society
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4 subfields of anthropology
- linguistic
- archaeological
- biological
- sociolcutural
*5th - applied anthropology
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what is sociocultural anthropology?
- study of human society and culture
- involves ethnography and ethnology
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what is biological (physical) anthropology?
study of hominid evolution
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what is linguistic anthropology?
study of relationship between language and social contexts
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what is archaeological anthropology?
study of remains left behind of past people
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what is culture?
traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide beliefs and behaviors of people
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enculturation
- culture learned from childhood
- social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
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for millions of years, hunting and gathering, has been the sole basis of human subsistence
foraging
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foraging
- hunting and gathering
- searching for wild food resources
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each subfield (LABS) considers variation in ___ & ___
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ethnographer gathers data and provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture
ethnography
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fieldwork in a particular culture
ethnography
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who is Margaret Mead? What did she do?
- famous female anthropologist
- did ethnographic research in South Pacific, Samoa, about adolescent girls and child rearing
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examines, compares, analyzes, and interprets results of ethnography - the data gathered in different societies.
ethnology
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The theoretical, comparative study of society and culture; compares cultures in time and space.
ethnology
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____ gets data from _____?
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ethnography
- provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture.
- Requires fieldwork to collect data
- descriptive
- group and community specific
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ethnology
- Uses data collected by a series of researchers
- Is usually synthetic
- Is comparative and cross-cultural
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application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods
to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.
applied anthropology
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enculturation
process by which a child learns his or her language
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ethnocentrism
- tendency to view one’s own culture as superior apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of other cultures.
- contributes to social solidarity
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The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.
acculturation
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socially transmitted knowledge and behavior shared by some group of people
culture
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judging other cultures by using one’s own cultural standards
ethnocentrism
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idea of avoiding the use of outside standards to judge behavior on a given society
cultural relativism
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research process in which the anthropologist closely observes, records, and engages in the daily life of another culture - an experience labeled as the fieldwork method - and then writes accounts of this culture, emphasizing descriptive details
ethnography
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taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing.
participant observation
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rapport
good, friendly working relationship built on trust and respect
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taking part in community life
participant observation
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why is it important to engage in participant obeservation?
to understand why particular groups find particular events and activities meaningful
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2 types of research strategies:
emic and etic approach
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local oriented research strategy
emic
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scientist oriented approach
etic
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approach investigates how local people think. How do they perceive and categorize the world? What are their rules for behavior? the ethnographer relies on local people to explain things and if something is significant or not
emic approach
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approach shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist. what ethnographer considers important
etic approach
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agreement to take part in the research—after having been informed about its nature, procedures, and possible impacts. should be obtained from anyone who provides information or who might be affected by the research.
informed consent
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According to AAA, the anthropologist’s first concern should be:
to do no harm to the people, animals or artifacts being studied
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who was bronislaw Malinowski, and what did he do?
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- set standard for holistic ethnography
- established a fieldwork frame for participant observation - lived with natives and pushed for learning the language and engaging in everyday activity
- emphasized importance of exploring the "imponderabilia of daily life."
- known for his work among the Trobriand Islanders.
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describe how lee began to explore the dobe area and establish rapport?
- he got informed consent to study them
- offered to teach english in return
- gave tobacco
- asked lots of questions
- took natives to look for food (nuts) in truck
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fieldwork
- intense, long term research
- total immersion in culture & language
- "rite of passage" to become an anthropologist
- developed by malinowski
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qualitative research
interviews, stories, words, narratives
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quantitative research
numbers and statistics
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productivity
- ability to say new things
- humans can invent new language, animals cant
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morphology
- study of how sounds combine to form morphemes
- The study of form
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ability to talk about things and events that are not present.
displacement
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phonemes
- minimal units of sound
- Significant sound contrast in a language that serves to distinguish meaning, as in minimal pairs
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morphemes
- words and their meaningful parts
- minimal units of meaning
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phonology
- study of speech sounds
- rules governing pronunciation.
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lexicon
vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meaning
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syntax
structure of words in phrases and sentences
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semantics
- study of meaning
- A language’s meaning system.
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sociolinguistics
- study of language in its social context
- Study relationships between social and linguistic variation
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Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
different languages produce different ways of thinking
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ethnolinguistics
- studies relationship between language and culture, and the way different ethnic groups perceive the world.
- combination between ethnology and linguistics.
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what kind of sounds characterize the dobe ju'hoansi's language?
click sounds
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what is the main form of subsistence for the dobe ju'hoansi?
foraging
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What do the dobe ju'joansi do when someone brings back meat?
- they insult it
- to keep the hunter humble and modest
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adaptation
The process by which organisms cope with environmental stresses.
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agriculture
- concerned with farming
- cultivating land
- raising crops
- feeding, breeding, and raising livestock
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generalized reciprocity
- exchanges between closely related individuals expecting nothing in return
- resources communal
As social distance increases, reciprocity becomes balanced and finally negative.
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horticulture
plant cultivation
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pastorialism
branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock
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redistribution
- members contribute goods into common pool or fund
- Major exchange mode of chiefdoms
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Profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. Goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand
market principle
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reciprocity
- passing goods back and forth without use of money
- major exchange mode in band and tribal societies
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3 principles of exchange
- generalized reciprocity
- negative reciprocity
- balanced reciprocity
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prestige
- basis for social status
- Esteem, respect, or approval for qualities considered exemplary.
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power
The ability to exercise one’s will over others—to do what one wants; the basis of political status.
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social control
- maintenance of norms
- regulation of conflict
- society constrained into socially approved channels
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wealth
- All a person’s material assets, income, land
- basis of economic status
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law
- A legal code
- trial and enforcement
- characteristic of state
- binding rules
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authority
persons ability to command others e.g., by government officials
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Elman Service introduced 4 types of political organization. what are they?
- bands
- tribes
- cheifdoms
- states
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band characteristics
- small kin based group (all its members are related by kinship/marriage)
- found among foragers
- consensus based decision making
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tribe characteristics
- (BLINE)
- big men - leadership status achieved through generosity
- live in villages
- involve kin groups based on common descent
- no formal gov't or centralized rule
- economy based on horticulture and pastoralism
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chiefdom characteristics
- (FSHOP)
- featured differential access to resources (chief controls resources)
- social relations based mainly on kinship
- herding and farming economy
- organization intermediate between tribes and states
- permanent political structure
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some people have more wealth, power, and prestige than others
differential access
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balanced reciprocity
- donor expects return of goods
- could be delayed
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negative reciprocity
both parties attempt to obtain as much with minimal effort
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