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conventional crime
all violent crime, certain property crimes, and certain morals crimes.
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corporate crime
illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.
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crime
behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions.
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criminology
the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons.
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deviance
any behavior, belief, or condition that violates cultural norms.
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differential association theory
the proposition that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.
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illegitimate opportunity structures
circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.
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label theory
the proposition that deviants are those people who have been successfully labeled as such by others.
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occupational crime
illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.
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organized crime
a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.
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political crime
illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.
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primary deviance
the initial act of rule-breaking.
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punishment
any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed.
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secondary deviance
the process that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior.
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social bond theory
the proposition that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken.
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social control
systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity and to discourage deviance.
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strain theory
According to strain theory, people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
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terrorism
the calculated unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.
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tertiary deviance
deviance that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.
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