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jwhughes
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Preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin
Carnconoma in Situ (CIS)
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Common benign and malignant tumors
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Lymphoid
- Nerve
- Glandular Epithelial
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What is the difference between fibroma vs fibrosarcoma fibrous connective tissue tumors
- fibroma-benign
- FS-malignant
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What is the difference between infectious mononucleosis and lymphoma in lymphois tissue tumors
- Lymphoma-malignant
- IM-benign
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What is the difference between neuroma and neurogenic sarcoma in nerve tissue tumors
- neuroma-benign
- NS-malignant
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What is the difference between Adenoma and adenocarcinoma in Glandular epithelial tissue tumors
- Adenoma-benign
- AC-malignant
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Name 4 common benign tumors
- Fibroma
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Neuroma
- Adenoma
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Name 4 common malignant tumors
- Fibrosarcoma
- Lymphoma
- Neurogenic Sarcoma
- Adenocarcinoma
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What type of cell changes cause independence from normal cellular control
Transformation (autonomy)
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What type of cell changes cause continued division and an unlimited lifespan
Immortal
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What type of cell change causes a loss of cellular differientiation or specialization, loses ability to function and control its own growth/division, and is common in most malignant tumors
Anaplasia
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What cell change has variable size and shapes
Pleomorphism
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Where are tumor cell markers found and produced
- Produced-cancer cells
- Found- tumor plasma membranes in blood, spinal fluid, or urine
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Examples of tumor markers
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What marker suggests hepatic or germ cell CA
AFP
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What marker suggests prostate cancer
PSA
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what marker suggests pituitary adenomas
ACTH
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What produces proteins that normally inhibit cell division or oppose action of oncogene that can transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell when inherited or activated by a virus
Tumor suppressor gene
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What inactives tumor suppressor genes by loss of heterozygosity (loss of one gene copy), unmasks mutations in suppressor genes, and causes methylation of DNA to shut off without mutation (silencing), and activates oncogenes
Carcinogenesis
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What is the most common mutation that causes resistance to apoptosis or self-destruction mechanisms
p53 gene
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What are at the ends of chromosomes that block unlimited cell division
Telomeres
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What does telomerase contain
telemeres
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What activates telomerase to restore and maintain telomeres so cells can divide over and over again
Cancer cells
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What bacterium is the most common cause of gastric infection, responsible for major PUD, gastric lymphomas, and gastric carcinomas
H. Pylori
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What happens when cancer cells overcome multiple anatomic barriers to be able to spread, survive, and reproduce
Metastasis
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Describe the sequence of metastasis
- Detachment (adhesion loss)
- Invasion (lymph/vascular) -platelet attachment
- Migration (lymph/venous flow)
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What enables colon cancer to spread to liver, liver cancers to spread to the lungs, lung cancer to spread to the brain, and breast cancer to spread to axillary nodes
Migration of cancer cells in lymph and venous
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Name three treatment types for cancer
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What treatment goal is to kill cells that are undergoing mitosis (in interphase) and cytokinesis
Chemo
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What therapy goal eradicates neoplastic cells without producing excessive toxicity and avoid damage to normal structures
Radiation
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What treatment goal is useful and definitive when neoplasm is accessible and has not spread beyond the limits of incision
surgery
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Name complications of cancer
- pain
- fatigue
- infection
- cachexia
- hyperglycemia
- Anemia
- leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
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What is the complication of pain related to in cancer
- tissue necrosis
- direct pressure
- obstruction
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What is the most significant cause of death in malignancies
Infection
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What is Cachexia
wasting, emaciation, anorexia, and early satiety
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What causes hyperglycemic complication in cancer
Cytokins IL-6, Interferons, and TNF cause alterations associated with tissue loss
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What causes anemia complication in cancer
depletion of erythrocyte building block depletion or destruction or bone marrow where RBCs synthesize
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What are mitotically and meiotically heritable changes that collabarate with environmental-lifestyle factors to cause development of Cancer
Epigenetics
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3 major ares of epigenetics
- Methylation
- Histone modifcation of chromatin
- microRNAs
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What is the addition of a methyl group to cytosine ring to silence tumor suppressor genes
Methylation
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What do microRNAs act as
oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes
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What period precedes adult onset of cancer
Long-Latency period
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Ability to develop particular ways r/t environment of setting
Developmental plasticity
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What is an example of a long latency period
DES and breast cancer before 40
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Most important cause of cancer
smoking
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What is a combination of sidestream and mainstream smoke
secondhand smoke
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Sidestream smoke
burning of cigarette
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Mainstream smoke
exhaled by smoker
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What is Xenobiotics
toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals
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What is Xenobiotics activated by
phase 1 activation enzymes
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What is the most relevant carcinogens produced by cooking
red meat
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What increases rate of death from cancer
higher BMI
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What cells increase circulating levels of insulin and increase insulin-like growth factor biological activity
Adipose
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What influences synthesis on sex steroids
adipose cells
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What hormones play a role in breast and endometrial cancer
estrogen and progesterone
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What cancer is r/t endogenous androgen (testosterone) metabolism
Prostate
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What causes potent DNA damage by causing double-strand breaks
Ionizing radiation - IR
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What can directly irradiated cells lead to
genetic effects in bystander cells or innocent cells even though they received no IR exposure
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What induces the release of TNF in epidermis, reducing immunity to skin cancer
UV radiation
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What does UV radiation target
Squamous and basal cell carcinoma in p16 gene
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What gene causes 50-60% of cervical cancer
HPV16 from std
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What increases risk for mestothelioma and lung cancer
Asbestos
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What is linked to leukemia in shoe makers, works in rubber cement, and dyeing industries
benzol inhalation
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What can be inhaled from decay of uranium trapped in houses
radon
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