Musculoskeletal Anatomy

What are the 8 bones forming the neurocranium?

What are the two parts of the skull?

Name the 14 irregular bones forming the facial skeleton

A typical vertebra consist of:

What is the role of the vertebral body?

What is the role of the vertebral arch?

Name the seven processed for a typical vertebra.

What is the purpose of the spinous process?

What is the purpose of the transverse processes?

What is the purpose of the articular processes of the vertebra?

Abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature

Anterior rotation of the pelvis and can cause low back pain

Abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae.

Formed by the vertebral arch and the posterior surface of the vertebral body

Succession of vertebral foramen

Superior and inferior notches of adjacent vertebrae contribute to the formation of ____.

What is the purpose of the IV foramina?

Which type of vertebra is this? Transverse foramen for passing of blood vessels and nerves, body is small and wider, spinous process is short and sometimes bifid.

Which is the strongest cervical vertebra?

Which vertebra has no spinous process or body, it consists of anterior and posterior arches. The superior articular surfaces of C1 receive the two occipital condyles at the sides of the foramen magnum of the cranial base?

Which type of vertebra is this? Costal facet for articulation with ribs, spinous processes are long and slopes posteroinferiorly, transverse processes are long, strong and extend posterolaterally, Articular processes Superior facets directed posteriorly and slightly laterally nferior facets directed anteriorly and slightly medially

Usually composed of five fused sacral vertebrae in adults, forms the posterior part of the bony pelvic, articular facets for articulation with L5 and hip bone.

Usually formed by four rudimentaryvertebrae, but there may be one less or one more, the 1st vertebra may be separate, the last three vertebrae often fuse during middle life

Name the 3 types of ribs.

Attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages

Their cartilages are joined to that of the rib immediately superior to them. Their connection to the sternum is indirect.

Type of ribs that do not connect to the sternum

Formed by the 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, costal cartilages, and 12 thoracic vertebrae.

What are the roles of the thoracic cage?

Name the different parts of a rib

Which ribs are atypical or dissimilar?

Name the 3 parts of the sternum

At which level lies the sternum?

Which structures does the sternum articulate with?

Name the palpable and important landmarks for the sternum

Name the 4 bones which form the pelvic skeleton

Which part of the ischium helps to form the acetabulum?

Which part of the ischium helps form the obturator foramen?

Which muscles attach at the ischial tuberosity?

Which part of the pubis helps form the acetabulum?

Which part of the pubis helps form the obturator foramen?

Small passage way for the obturator nerve and vessels

What type of joint is the TMJ?

Name the articular surfaces of the TMJ.

Name the 3 ligaments which enhance the TMJ

What are the movements of the TMJ?

Name the different joints of the vertebral column

An outer fibrous part - a ring consisting of
concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage forming the circumference of the IV disc. It provides strong bond between adjacent vertebrae.

The central core of the IV disc. It is a gelatinous central mass and acts like a shock absorber for forces and like a semifluid ball bearing during movements of the verterbral column.

True or false: There is no IV disc between C1 and C2

Extends from the pelvic surface of the sacrum to the anterior tubercle of C1 and occipital bone anterior to the foramen magnum. Maintains stability of the joints and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

Runs from C2 to sacrum within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspects of the vertebral bodies prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column

Connects two adjacent vertebral arches. Plane synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. Each joint is surrounded by thin, loose joint capsule. Permits gliding movement between the vertebrae.

connect vertebral arches, enhance facet joints, bind the adjoining vertebrae
together form part of the posterior wall of
the vertebral canal

Connect adjoining spinous processes

Connects the apices of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum

Extends from the external occipital protuberance and posterior border of foramen magnum to the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae. Connects skull and vertebral column and is for muscle attachment.

Connecting adjacent transverse processes.

Articulations between the lateral masses of atlas (C1 ) and the occipital condyles of occipital bone, no IV discs

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

What are the movements of the atlanto-occipital joint?

Connects C1 to the occipital bone to help prevent excessive movement.

How many atlanto-axial joints are there?

What are the movements of the atlanto-axial joints?

Connects two tubercles on the medial aspects of the lateral masses of C1. It holds the dens of C2 against the anterior of C1

Pass from transverse ligament to theoccipital bone superiorly and to the body of C2 inferiorly

Which two ligaments for the cruciate ligament?

Connects the sides of the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum

Name the joints of the thoracic wall

With what does the head of each typical rib articulate?

The head of which ribs articulate only with their own vertebral bodies?

What enhances the the joints of the heads of ribs?

What are the movements of joints of heads of ribs?

What does the tubercle of a typical rib articulate with?

What strengthens the costotransverse joints?

What are the movements of the costo-transverse joints?

Which ribs articulate with the sternum?

Which ligaments are involved in the sternocostal joints?

What are the movements of the thoracic wall?

Name the 3 pelvic joints

What are the ligaments involved in the sacro-iliac joints?

Name the 3 parts of the sacro-iliac ligaments

Sacro-tuberous ligament attachements

Sacrospinous ligament attachments

What are the articulations of the lumbro-sacral joints?

Which ligament is involved in the lumbo-sacral joint and what are its attachments?

Superior attachment of SCM

Inferior attachment of SCM

Unilateral action of SCM

Bilateral action of SCM

Common points of deep or intrinsic back muscles

Extensive fascial sheet that splits into anterior and posterior layers, enclosing the deep back muscles.

Superficial layer of the back muslces

Secondary role of superficial layer - splenius muscles

Origin of splenius

Insertion of splenius capitis

Insertion of splenius cervicis

Main action of slpenius

Intermediate layer of the back muscles

Name the 3 columns of the chief extensor of the vertebral column

Common origin of the erector spinae muscles

Iliocostalis insertion

Longissimus insertion

Insertion of spinalis

Main action of Erector Spinae

Deep layer of back muscle

3 muscles of the transverso-spinal muscle group

They originate from transverse processes of vertebrae to spinous processes of more superior vertebrae. they occupy the space between transverse and spinous processes

Semispinalis origin

Semispinalis insertion

Semispinalis main action

Multifidus origin

Multifidus insertion

Multifidus main action

Rotatores origin

Rotatores insertion

Rotatores main action

Which 3 muscles form the Minor Deep Layer of the back.

Muscles in the thoracic wall

Muscles in the thoracic wall superior attachment

Muscles in the thoracic wall inferior attachment

Muscles in the thoracic wall main action

Occupy the intercostal spaces. Fibers run inferoanteriorly from rib above to the rib below. Are continuous inferiorly with the external oblique muscles in the anterolateral abdominal wall. Muscles of inspiration, elevate the ribs.

Run deep too and at right angles to the external intercostals. Fibers run inferoposteriorly form the inferior border of the ribs to the superior borders of the ribs inferior to them. Continuous with internal oblique in anterolateral abdominal wall. Muscles of expiration, depress ribs.

Similar to the internal intercostals in fibers running direction and deep parts of them.

What separates the Innermost Intercostals from Internal Intercostals?

Muscles of the anteriolateral abdominal wall

Aponeuroses of the 3 flat muscles of the abdominal wall interlace there

Fibrous band running vertically from the pubic symphysis to the xiphoid process and is the central attachment for all the abdominal muscles.

The largest and most superficial of the three flat anterolateral abdominal muscles

External Oblique origin

External Oblique insertion

External Oblique main action

Internal oblique origin

Internal oblique insertion

Internal oblique main action

Innermost of the three flat abdominal muscles.

Transverse abdominal origin

Transverse abdominal insertion

Transverse abdominal main action

Strong, incomplete fibrous compartment of the two vertical muscles of the abdominal wall. Is formed by the decussation and interweaving of the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles.

Rectus abdominis origin

Rectus abdominis insertion

Abnchors the Rectus abdominis transversely

Rectus abdominis main action

Summary of functions and actions of the anterolateral abdominal muscles.

Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

Quadratus lumborum origin

Quadratus lumborum insertion

Quadratus lumborum main action

Dome-shaped musculotendinous partition. Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Chief muscle of inspiration

Bony ring, incomplete posteriorly, formed by the scapulae and clavicles, which is completed anteriorly by the manubrium of the sternum.

A doubly curved long bone, with two ends: sternal end and lateral or acromial end

The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with...

Lateral or acromial end of the clavicle articulates with...

Clavicle function

Articulates with manubrium  to form sternoclavicular joint

In the lateral end articulates with acromion of the scapula to form acromioclavicular joint

For the attachment of the deltoid muscle

Gives attachment to the conoid ligament

Is the site of attachment of the subclavius muscle

Binds the 1st rib to the clavicle

Where the trapezoid ligament attaches

three fossae of the scapula

Landmark of point of the shoulder and articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle.

Shallow, concave, oval fossa, and articulates with the head of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint.

Articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula

Provide attachment and leverage to some scapulohumeral muscles

Separates the head from the tubercles (humerus)

The narrow part distal to the tubercles and is a common fracture site

Separates the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle

Attachment of deltoid on humerus

Posteriorly, the radial nerve and deep artery of the arm lie in the ...

(anterior aspect) receives the coronoid process of the ulna during full extension of the elbow

(Posterior aspect) accommodates the olecranon of the ulna during full extension of the elbow

Accommodates the edge of the head of the radius when the forearm is fully flexed.

they make up the condyle of the humerus

Two articular surfaces of the condyle

Articular surface of the condyle for articulation with the head of the radius

Articular surface of the condyle for articulation with the trochlear notch of the ulna.

Two projections at the proximal end of the ulna

Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

Articulates with the head of the radius

Attachment of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle on the ulna

Just for muscle attachment on the ulna

At which end is located the head of the ulna and ulnar styloid process

The lateral and shorter of the two forearm bones

The radius articulates with ...

The head of the radius articulates with the ____ of the humerus, peripherally with the ____ of the ulna

At its distal end, the ____ accommodates the head of the ulna.

T or F: the radial styloid process is larger and longer than the ulnar styloid process

Name the carpal bones

Boat-shaped bone, articulates proximally with the radius

Moon-shaped bone, articulates proximally with the radius

Three-cornered pyramidal bone, articulates proximally with the articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint

Small bean-shaped bone, lies on the palmar surface.

Four-sided carpal bone

Wedge shaped carpal bone

Carpal bone with a rounded head

Carpal bone with a hooked process