exam2 2500

During __ children begin to consciously attempt to create matches between objects and actions in the world and the language that describes them

A baby’s first word marks the beginning of a transition from ____ to ____ communication

Babies produce their first words at age __

babes create ____ entries that contain the word, the sound of the word, the meaning of the word, and its part of speech

A ____ word is a word that a child uses consistently and extends beyond the original context

describe the idiosyncratic wordlife productions that children use consistently and meaningfully but that do not approximate adult forms. They sound consistent but are used to refer to many single referents. By using them children learn the value of adopting a stable pronunciation for communicating a particular situation

-The baby must produce the word on a clear purpose
-A true word must have recognizable pronunciation similar to the adult form of the word
-A troo word is a word that a child uses consistently and extends beyond the original context

Over their second year ____ continue to rely on others gestures as an important source of information as they learn language, although there seems to be a developmental shift during this time.

toddlers come to rely less on gestures and more on ___ when making inferences about how to categorize or label new objects.

Children who are beginning to transition from the prelinguistic stage to the one-word stage use _____ gestures, such as holding a fist to the ear to indicate telephone, or waving the hand to indicate bye bye

____ gestures indicate a precise referent and has stable meaning across different contexts

____ gestures are gestures whose meanings change depending on the context.

As children transition from one word stage to the two word stage they begin to exhibit ___ ___ combinations. For example: pointing to a chair while saying mommy to request their mom to sit in a chair

When children begin to use two-word utterances, they stop combining two ____ gestures

___ __ ____ describes the age by which 50% of children can produce a given sound in multiple positions in words in an adult way

___ __ __describes the age by which most children produce a sound in an adult like manner

Children who appear to make errors are in fact using systematic, rule governed processes as they speak and are not simply making haphazard sound substitutions this is called

Researchers believe that young children use phonological processes in an effort to their inventory of phonetic elements and strings

changes are simply changes to syllables in words. A common syllable structure change in child phonology is to repeat, or reduplicate, a stressed syllable in a word

____ is the process by which children change one sound in a syllable so that it takes on the features of another sound in the same syllable

___ ___ ___ changes occur when children replace a sound produced at one location in the mouth with a sound produced at a different location in the mouth. Ex: children often replace words produced farther back in the mouth with sounds that are produced farther forward in the mouth, so a child’s pronunciation of cake becomes take in this process, which is called fronting

___ ___ ___changes occur when children replace a sound produced in a particular manner with a sound produced in a different manner. A common substitution is called stopping, or replacing an affricate sound with a stop sound (jeep becomes deep)

An important skill that toddlers who are expanding their lexicons possess is becoming familiar with the differences in speech that __ __ __ ___ signal a difference in meaning

-Toddlers recognize that two identical words uttered by different speakers are the ___ word
-This skill provides evidence that toddlers have developed the ability to recognize that vocal characteristics of a speaker are not properties of the ___ themselves

Around __ months of age, or approximately when many toddlers show evidence of a vocab spurt, seems to mark a transition period in phonological development

This transitional period is a developmental time frame during which language abilities are emerging and changing and is evidenced by toddler’s successful learning of ___ ___ (words that are not phonologically similar to known words) and difficulty learning ___ ____ (new words that are phonologically similar to known words)

The skill of becoming increasingly adept at recognizing words after hearing only parts of the words, or what is called ___ __ ___

-50 word mark is reached by between ___ months and ___ years
-Signals ____ spurt
-Usually co occurs with the appearance of children’s ____ grammatical morphemes

Grammatical morphemes begin to appear between ___ and ___ months, at about the time they have learned their first ____ words