Physics Test 2

• Wolfram Fuchs gave what is generally recognized as first protection advice:
• – exposure short as possible,
• – do not stand within 12”(30 cm) of the X-ray tube
• – coat skin with vaseline and leave an extra layer on the most exposed area

Dentist from Boston killed

• Park lab, is first person known to have been killed by X-ray
• exposure. Severely burned in 1896, continues work with X-rays until
• 1898; his death causes Edison to discontinue radiation work in his
• lab

• gamma radiation; “... only half the incident radiation will be stopped
• by each successive shielding layer”

• “Dutch Board of Health”recommends tolerance dose equivalent to
• 15 R/y

»  SecondInternationalCongressofRadiologyestablishes

• “International Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection”;
• publishes first set of international radiation protection standards;
• Roentgen unit accepted

• »  Organizationandfirstmeetingof“InternationalCommitteeonX-ray
• and Radium Protection” (predecessor of ICRP)

• »  Organizationof“USAdvisoryCommitteeonX-rayandRadium
• Protection” (predecessor of NCRP)

»  WB limit of 0.1R/day and 5R to fingers suggested;introduces

concept of higher permissible dose to limited portions of body



»  Roentgenunitisdefined

• with having designed the first
• direct reading pocket
• dosimeters around 1932

• lethally irradiated; first North American to die of acute radiation
• sickness

“International Commission on Radiological Units” defines absorbed dose [Rad] as 100 ergs per gram in any material. Prev. no limits

the field of radiation protection

• "Radiological Safety Officer" (RSO) was
• the title given to the military officer who
• was responsible for radiological safety
• during the U.S. atomic weapons tests in
• the Pacific during the late 1940s

• License to use radiation or radioactive
• material

• » License applications and amendments
• » Listed on the license

• • Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)
• »  Qualified Individual
• »  Agent of the Radiation Safety Committee
• »  Implements Radiation Safety Program
• »  Develops and updates the Radiation Safety
• Manual

»  Organization and Administration

• – Personnel and resources
• – Budget, Job Descriptions, etc

• Occupational exposure
• » Pregnant workers
• » All others

• General public exposure
• » Incidental

Medical exposure

• » Intentional exposure for diagnostic or therapeutic
• purposes

• » Radioactive Materials
• » Radiation Area
• » High Radiation Area
• » Very High Radiation Area
• » X-rays In Use

» Other Signs

Radioresistant (50-75 Gy)

*Muscle and connective tissue radio resistant

40-50 Gy

• Few Sv. Few hundred REM, stop chief and parietal cell secretions of HCL and pepsinogen
• -Resume normal production following a delay

• about the same as stomach;
• 40-50 Gy

• Very radiosensitive.
• Probably determines survival or not.
• Few Sv temporarily stops crypt cells from dividing
• >10 Sv-crypt cells die: death in 6 to 10 days

• Radioresistant
• 50 Sv (5000 Rem) to produce cerebrovascular syndrome
• -Severe nausea and vomiting within minutes of irradiation' loss of muscle control, seizures and coma
• -para nervous system affected, death in hours

• Male sperm-.15 Sv (15 rem) produce temporary sterility.
• 6 to 8 Sv (600-800 rem) produces permanent sterility

• 2 Gy (200 rads)produce temporary sterility
• -Oocytes extremely radiosensitive, cell death with .12 Gy (12 Rad), immediate sterility.

Dose with drug present/Dose without drug