History 222 Midterm Set 1

• Power
• communications
• unions
• Inequality
• business/organizations

• Gave public universities land
• land grant colleges
• broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise

• Gave land to anybody who would occupy the land and develop it.
• Wanted to settle the west

Created to help railroads be built and generate more capital by letting other people generate money and help your cause

Created to help railroads be built and generate more capital by letting other people generate money and help your cause

• Stores where everything was offered in the same places for cheaper prices than the smaller general store
• Ex. Macy's, Sears, etc

• America's way of manufacturing
• First for weapons
• Consumer goods
• Then leisure goods

• Program studying industrial efficiency
• Developed by Fredrick Taylor
• eliminate all brain work and just do what told

Combined Scientific management and the American System to save time and money

• Labs to make products cheaper, better, and stronger
• Also create new products

• Controlled all aspects of that production area
• capture as large share of part of a business

• Company controlled all aspects of production
• from raw materials to finished goods
• capture as much of what you can of all business

When African American’s moved from the south to the north as whole groups

• Created the legal foundations for racism
• barred the Chinese from becoming citizens

• Old immigrants from northern and western Europe
• New immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

• Coal workers of eastern Pen
• Believed violence and threats of murder would make the owners of the mine pay them more

• believed that ordinary people needed control over the enterprises in which they worked
• wanted America to be cooperative commonwealth
• didn't care about race except for the Chinese
• grassroots of labor activism

• Founded by Eugen Debs
• Lead the Pullman Strike
• Made up of both skilled and unskilled workers

• Believed that workers should own factores
• Believed the working place should be a democracy

• riot
• Anarchists called a meeting
• police tried to disperse the crowd
• bomb thrown
• police shoot
• 8 anarchists found guilty not because evidence but anti-gov

• In Andrew Carnagie Factory
• Got new equipment with different instructions so had to re-train
• Just locked out workers and decided to hire more
• Fought and several died

• Company going through hard time so laid off workers
• Workers lived in company housing, so lower trade prices, increase company store price
• Lead by Eugene Debs

• Led by Samuel Gompers
• less interested in challenging corporate order
• more interested in winning larger share of its rewards
• mostly skilled craftsmen

• rising income so mass consumption
• mass consumption leads to mass production
• leads to increased income/profit so cycle repeats

• High-brow – more influential people in society, richer
• Low-brow – poor people

• The typical belief that women and men had separate sphere of influence
• Men went to work, while women stayed at home
• Women nicer than men

• A good mother have fewer kids
• Kids cost money, investment take time and money

• tried to curb alcohol abuse by prohibiting liquor sales
• especially focused on violence in the home life
• also tried to get women's rights

• Taking care of the city like the take care of the home
• Clean it up of all the dirty
• Civic housekeeping

• movement for women's suffrage reunited
• won victories in the west
• also supported feminism

• WEB DuBois
• If everybody farmers, then no professionals
• Encourage top tenth to get professional degree

• Led by Booker T. Washington
• Said that blacks would work meekly and not argue for politics if southern whites agreed to basic education and due process in law
• Wanted blacks to do trade school

• combines evangelism with gyms and athletic facilities
• men could make themselves clean and strong
• YMCA

Help the man become a man again

• outdoors was more leisure and renewal, rather than danger and hard work
• camping, hiking, biking boomed

Not theology but morality and following the example of Jesus

• WWJD
• Liberal people today

• prohibited circulation of almost any information about sex and birth control
• stop young people from having sex

• New types of religion were wrong
• Baptist and Methodist
• Wanted to go back to the fundamental start

• An American from another country such as a Jewish-American or German-American.
• Usually lived together

• Apartments
• Dumbbell Style
• No bathrooms or kitchens

• political machine in New York
• dispensed jobs and patronage
• arranged for urban services
• tried to stay in office
• rough and ready social services
• George Plunkitt and William "Boss" Tweed

• Fear of foreigners
• Problems in society go back to foreign people
• Targets - Non-whites, Catholics, and Jews

Exposing dirt about things

• programs designed to help the poor while spreading the gospel
• Urban Missions

• Crucial to reform
• Wanted Americanization first but didn’t work so studied Urbanization
• Misc odd things around neighborhood and social work
• Fixed garbage collection
• Started day care

• improve wages and working conditions for female store clerk
• encouraged women to only shop where everything was fair
• most powerful progressive organization for advocating worker protections laws

Protect children and working women

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• Help found many associations for black people
• Powerful force for racial justice

Worked with machines to get back American jobs

• Wanted government jobs to go to the people who had the best merit for that job
• Led to more women in the workforce because they could also get an education

• Broke up trusts
• Regulated the market a little more

• Different systems of currency
• Gold standard was based on the weight and the amount of gold – supported by rich people
• Bimetallism introduced silver – supported by poor people
• Greenbacks paper dollars – more options for dealing with depression

• Jacob Coxey proposed that government hire unemployed to fix roads.
• Organization men to march to Washington to peacefully appeal for the program
• Arrested for walking on the grass.

• Grange – national organization of farmers mostly state level
• Realized that was not enough so Farmers alliances – buy equipment and share it
• Populist – political power called People’s party – radical

• segregation was constitutional as long as separate but equal facilities
• separate was equal

Supreme Court allowed poll taxes and literacy tests to stand.

• On the Lyrical Left
• Led by Eugene Debs
• From grass roots
• Pushed Democrats and Republicans to action

• IWW or Wobblies
• Believed in Marxist class struggle and wanted a work place lead by the workers
• Helped spark a number of strikes

Upheld limiting women’s workday to ten hours

• People put a lot of faith in the experts
• Experts believed the middle class people could solve the problems

• New Business Regulation
• Concerned that natural resources running out
• Government should regulate these natural resources

• 16 Amendment – income tax
• 17 Amendment – Congress chosen by popular vote not by state legislature
• Both in 1913

• Younger and much more radical
• Tried to get arrested to get attention
• Led by Alice Paul

Sought to bring responsible members of labors and business together

God wanted American’s to control continent from Atlantic to Pacific

• God favored white people and they had a responsibility to extend civilization to the entire world
• Josiah Strong

• Influence of Sea Power on History
• Alfred Mahan

• New ship
• Sailed to Cuba
• Exploded in Havana Harbor
• Diving teams said Cuba fault
• American people thought we should go to war

Really between Spain, US, and Cuba.  US won lots of terriotory, but didn’t know what to do with it

Feeling that white guys have to go out and civilize other people

Congress can do what they want with the newly acquired territory

• Calling for China to be persevered
• Not divided, stay together, ports open to everyone
• When open to everyone, we would dominate

• America only interfere with foreign policy if we have to protect our own interests
• Wanted to protect American private property

series of occupations and interventions in the Caribbean and Spanish-America about American property

• When Germany decided to take leash off of U-Boats and attack American ships
• Also, Germany wanted to expand and asked Mexico to attack America
• Britain intercepted and sent to American newspapers
• People wanted war

• Dollar a Year Men
• In charge of part of economy during war
• What to produce and who to produce it

• Espionage act – no false statements against recruitment/draft/military
• Sedition Act – no disloyal, profane, scurrilous, abusive language

• debt by the US government
• you buy them
• Government promised to pay back after war

• Soldiers that had training and sent to Europe
• Fought alongside the French

• 18 – established prohibition
• 19 – gave women the right to vote

• Killed more people than the Great War
• 600k in US

• What the US is fighting for
• Wanted everything in the open, no more secrets

• Treaty that ended WWI
• Germany to pay for war
• Lost territory, get rid of army, navy, etc.

• Organization proposed in the Fourteen Points
• Americans didn’t like because too much control
• If League declared war, then each nation had to declare war

• Fire workers in unions
• Hire strike breakers

• Only about 70k
• Led to Red Scare

• American Civil Liberties Union
• Tried to help people by protecting civil liberties in the Red Scare

• Created clinics with free health care
• Shut down in late 1920s because government didn’t want to pay for it anymore and no political reason because women were not voting as a block

• Wanted active government interested in promoting economic growth
• Hire experts to come in and organize the best practices
• Published a code of fair competition

• Outlawed war
• France wanted America to sign it
• If Germany went to war with France, then American would have to get involved because Germany broke treaty

• Dawes and Young Plan
• Loan money to Germany, Germany pay Britain, Britain pay America, America pay back war bonds

Cheaper to hire thugs to enforce ideas instead of sending troops (let dictator rule)

Alcohol prohibited in 18 amendment, repealed in 21 amendment

• Monkey trail
• Scopes taught lecture on evolution in science class
• William Jennings Bryan for other side
• Covered by national and international press

• Limited immigration based on the 1890 census and allowed a 2% increased
• Severely limited the number of Asian immigrants, along with European immigration
• Allowed open immigration from Western Hemisphere

• Flowering of black arts and culture in Harlem, New York
• Music – Jazz and blues
• Dancing, and Night clubs

Hollywood, Sports, magazine, radio, etc

Companies offering benefits as ways to keep workers from joining unions

Hoover advocated that volunteering and business action; the depression would not be that bad

• Community chest
• Charitable agencies dispense money to people who really needed it
• Worked with short depressions where not many out of work
• Didn’t work well in Great Depression

Thought that if bail out biggest corporations, the money would trickle down to the people that needed it

• Money given to high corporations to produce jobs
• Corporation pay worker for job
• Worker use money for essential items like food
• Smaller business get paid
• And the cycle continues, going from the big to small

• Veterans wanted bonuses early so marched to Washington
• Hoover sent in armed forces and told them peaceful
• They disobeyed and brought guns, Calvary, etc.
• Camp was burned down

• People panic thinking banking is going to fail
• Go to bank to withdraw all money, along with tons of other concerned members
• Called a bank run
• Bank did run out of money, and closed
• People lost lots of money

• National Recovery Administration
• Reduce/eliminate price competition
• Didn’t work
• Prices cheaper in other places
• Challenged in the Supreme Court

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
• Insured bank deposits up to 2500 and prevented bank from making bad investments

• Civilian Conservation Corps
• Young men to do reforestation and conservation work
• Help the national infrastructure

• Tennessee Valley Authority
• Control power and rivers in the Tennessee Valley

• Federal Housing Administration
• Refinanced home mortgages

• Works Progress Administration
• Employed about 1/3 of the nation on various tasks such as buildings, parks, bridges, roads, etc

When republican business leaders and conservative democrats tried to fight new deal programs because they were reckless spending and socialist reforms

• People who thought the New Deal programs were too conservative
• They took it a lot more liberal – Share the Wealth Society

• Created by the 2nd New Deal
• Old age pensions
• Milestone in the creation of American welfare state

• Upheld the right of industrial workers to form unions
• Formed the National Labor Relations Board

• Congress of Industrial Organization
• Steel Workers, mine workers, etc

• When Roosevelt tried to set an age limit on the Supreme Court to appoint extra judges that would pass his acts
• Roosevelt lost popularity

• When Roosevelt tried to balance the budget and cut back on New Deal programs funding. The economy turned back into slight depression.
• Roosevelt lost popularity

Fiscal management and deficit spending to increase public spending

• Central, authoritarian government
• Dictator government
• Extreme nationalism
• Government is always right

• Committee formed by Gerald Nye to investigate how US enter WWI
• Found out that banks and arms manufactures tricked President Wilson
• For Isolation in WWII

• Made it so US could not trade with warring countries and Americans travelling on those ships were at their own risk
• Cash and carry policy

Were for isolation/neutrality/internationalists of US in WWII.  They wanted to defend US and not worry about what was overseas.

• FDR’s way around Neutrality Acts if we lent something to get it back at end of war
• Leases guns and other supplies to Britain
• Only if success was vital to US

Provided veterans with education, housing, expenses other things if or were in armed forces

• Between US, UK, and USSR
• FDR, Stalin, and Churchill
• Also known as the Big 3

FDR, Stalin, and Churchill agreed that they will fight Germany and Japan until complete surrender.  They didn’t want to settle like WWI. No separate peace

The Big 3 decided to fight in Europe before focusing on Japan.  Britain was crucial to American success so they needed to take off some of the pressure of them. Also, Soviet Union needed help.

Security council that replaced the league of nations

• Trying to bomb infrastructure important to the economy like bridges and roads along with factories
• Didn’t want to bomb civilians
• Technology not good enough, so ended up destroying entire towns

Made the difference in WWII due to fact that technology was obsolete at the start of the war

The idea of taking a couple of islands in the Pacific, then skipping a few, then taking a few more. This left unwarred territory to drop the Atomic Bomb on, along with kept the enemy off guard.

• An idea of Strategic bombing, but instead of exploding, set things on fire.
• Included Napalm.

• The project developing the Atomic Bomb.
• Kept secret.
• Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagaski

Workers promised not to strike in exchange for employers to allow unionizations

• Issued by FDR to stop a march on Washington
• Said government could not discriminate
• Language later used in civil right legislation

• Where the Japanese-Americans were forced to go after the start of WWII
• Had to take Loyalty oaths
• Usually in remote places