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what is a compound made of?
2 or more elements that are chemically combined
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forces that hold atoms or ions together in a compound
chemical bonds
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the way a compound's atoms are bonded to make the compound
chemical structure
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model with atoms represented by balls and bonds represented by sticks
ball-and-stick model
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the distance between the nuclei of 2 bonded atoms
bond length
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angle formed by 2 bonds to the same atom
bond angle
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model that shows the relative sizes of atoms in a compound, but not bond lengths
space-filling model
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can bonds bend, stretch, and rotate without breaking?
yes - but they hold atoms together tightly
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what determines the properties of a compound?
chemical structure of the compound
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table salt (sodium chloride) is found in the form of ___
regularly shaped crystals
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strength of attractions of the molecules of gases
weak
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attraction to a hydrogen atom
hydrogen bond
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when do atoms bond?
when their valence electrons interact
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why do atoms join to form bonds?
so that each atom has a stable electron configuration
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2 basic kinds of chemical bonding
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attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
ionic bond
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how are ionic bonds formed?
by the transfer of electrons
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in what form are ionic bonds?
in the form of networks, not molecules
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what do ionic compounds do when melted or dissolved in water?
conduct electricity
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bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
covalent bond
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covalent bonds usually form between what types of atoms?
nonmetal
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can covalent bonds conduct electricity?
no - they are not charged
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bonds in which electrons are shared equally
nonpolar covalent bonds
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unequal sharing of electrons forms ___
polar covalent bond
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to be able to carry
conduct
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atoms in metals form ___
metallic bonds
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ion made of 2 or more atoms
polyatomic ions
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how do polyatomic ions act in a compound?
as a single unit
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what groups the atoms of a polyatomic ion in a chemical formula?
parentheses
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suffixes for polyatomic anions made of oxygen
- -ite (fewer oxygen atoms)
- -ate (more oxygen atoms)
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what charge do ionic compounds must have?
total charge of zero
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formula that tells the smallest whole-number ratio of atoms that are in a compound
empirical formula
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chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms i a molecule, but not the arrangement of atoms
molecular formula
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covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
organic compound
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when a compound is made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
hydrocarbon
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hydrocarbons that have only single covalent bonds
alkanes
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molecule that is a long chain made of smaller molecules
polymer
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smaller molecule that makes up a polymer
monomer
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organic compounds that can be made by living things
biochemical compounds
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class of molecules that includes sugars, starches and fiber
carbohydrate
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organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and is a principal component of all cells
protein
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compound of a class of simple organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group and an amino group, and that combine to form proteins
amino acid
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glucose that is not needed right away by the body is stored as ___
glycogen (a polymer of glucose)
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polymer that stores genetic information
DNA
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shape of DNA
double helix
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molecules bonded to phosphate units corresponding to the "ladder's" sides
sugar
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attached to each sugar molecule is one of four DNA monomers, which are?
- adenine
- thymine
- cytosine
- guanine
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what make up the "rungs" of the DNA "ladder"?
DNA monomer pairs
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