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  1. How many different chemicals are there is cigarettes?
    • about 4,000
    • many are harmful
  2. What is the addictive substance in cigarettes?
    Nicotine
  3. What does nicotine do to the body?
    increases the heart rate
  4. What does the carbon monoxide in cigarettes do?
    • Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
    • It combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing oxygen combining with the haemoglobin.
    • This causes an increase in heart rate to compensate for the reduced amount of oxygen carried in the blood.
  5. What is fitness?
    fitness is the ability to do physical activity
  6. What is health?
    health is the amount of freedom from disease.
  7. name 6 ways to measure fitness?
    • strength
    • stamina – endurance or staying power
    • flexibility
    • agility – how easily someone moves
    • speed
    • cardiovascular efficiency – how well a person's circulatory system works
  8. What immediate effect does exercise have on the respiratory system?
    • It causes an increase in the
    • breathing rate
    • tidal volume (the volume of air breathed in or out in one breath)
  9. What effect does regular exercise have on the respiratory system?
    • an increase in the
    • strength of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
    • vital capacity (volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after inhaling fully)
  10. how many adult deaths are linked to smoking?
    It’s estimated that nearly one in every five deaths (of adults aged over 35 in England) is connected to smoking
  11. name four harmful substances in cigarettes?
    • tar
    • nicotine
    • carbon monoxide
    • smoke
  12. What does tar from cigarettes do?
    • Tar causes cancer of the lungs, mouth and throat
    • It coats the inside of the lungs, including the alveoli, causing coughing
    • It damages the alveoli, making it more difficult for gas exchange to happen
  13. What does the smoke from cigarettes do?
    • Cells in the lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles produce sticky mucus.
    • This traps dirt and microbes.
    • Cells with tiny hair-like parts, called cilia then move the mucus out of the lungs.
    • However, hot smoke and tar from smoking damages the cilia.
    • As a result of this, smokers cough to move the mucus and are more likely to get bronchitis.
  14. What are the cells with tiny hair-like parts in the lungs called?
    cilia
  15. What does nicotine do?
    • Nicotine is addictive.
    • It causes a smoker to want more cigarettes.
    • Nicotine also increases the heart rate and blood pressure, and makes blood vessels narrower than normal.
    • This can lead to heart disease
  16. Name four organs of the digestive system, in order?
    • oesophagus or gullet
    • stomach
    • small intestine
    • large intestine
  17. describe four stages of digestion?
    • food is digested in the mouth, stomach and small intestine
    • digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine
    • excess water is absorbed back into the body in the large intestine
    • any undigested food passes out of the anus as faeces when we go to the toilet
  18. What does the liver do?
    The liver produces bile, which helps the digestion of lipids (fats and oil).
  19. What does the pancreas do?
    The pancreas produces biological catalysts called digestive enzymes which speed up the digestive reactions
  20. What are enzymes?
    • Enzymes are not living things.
    • They are just special proteins that can break large molecules into small molecules.
    • Different types of enzymes can break down different nutrients
  21. what do amylase and other carbohydrase enzymes do?
    amylase and other carbohydrase enzymes break down starch into sugar
  22. what does protease do?
    protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids
  23. what does lipase enzymes do?
    lipase enzymes break down lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol
  24. How are carbohydrates digested?
    • Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.
    • Carbohydrase enzymes break down starch into sugars.
    • The saliva in your mouth contains amylase, which is another starch digesting enzyme.
    • If you chew a piece of bread for long enough, the starch it contains is digested to sugar, and it begins to taste sweet
  25. How are proteins digested?
    • Proteins are digested in the stomach and small intestine.
    • Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids.
    • Digestion of proteins in the stomach is helped by stomach acid, which is strong hydrochloric acid.
    • This also kills harmful microorganisms that may be in the food
  26. How are lipids (fats and oils) digested?
    • Lipase enzymes break down fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
    • Digestion of fat in the small intestine is helped by bile, made in the liver.
    • Bile breaks the fat into small droplets that are easier for the lipase enzymes to work on.
    • Bile is not an enzyme.
  27. What are not digested?
    • Minerals, vitamins and water are already small enough to be absorbed by the body without being broken down, so they are not digested.
    • Digestive enzymes cannot break down dietary fibre, which is why the body cannot absorb it
  28. What is the respiration?
    • Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all living cells, including plant cells and animal cells.
    • It is the way that energy is released from glucose so that all the other chemical processes needed for life can happen.
    • Do not confuse respiration with breathing (which is properly called ventilation).
  29. What is aerobic respiration?
    • Glucose and oxygen react together in cells to produce carbon dioxide and water and releases energy.
    • The reaction is called aerobic respiration because oxygen from the air is needed for it to work.
  30. What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
    glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
  31. Where does most respiration happen?
    The mitochondria, found in the cell cytoplasm, are where most respiration happens
  32. When does anaerobic respiration happen?
    • During hard exercise, not enough oxygen can reach your muscle cells.
    • So, aerobic respiration is replaced with anaerobic respiration.
    • This does not need oxygen for it to happen
  33. What is lactic acid?
    • Anaerobic respiration produces much less energy than aerobic respiration.
    • The waste product, lactic acid, builds up in the muscles causing pain and tiredness
    • This leads to cramp. Lactic acid is only broken down when you start aerobic respiration again.
    • Anaerobic respiration happens in microorganisms such as bacteria because they need to release energy from glucose too
    • Yeast, which are unicellular fungi, can carry out an anaerobic process called fermentation.
  34. What is the windpipe called?
    trachea
  35. The windpipe divides into two...what?
    bronchi
  36. What are the smaller tubes in each of the two bronchi called?
    bronchioles
  37. what are at the end of the bronchioles?
    • group of tiny air sacs
    • these air sacs have bulges called alveoli to increase their surface area.
  38. Features of the alveoli?
    • The alveoli are adapted to make gas exchange in lungs happen easily and efficiently.
    • they give the lungs a really big surface area
    • they have moist, thin walls (just one cell thick)
    • they have a lot of tiny blood vessels called capillaries
    • The gases move by diffusion from where they have a high concentration to where they have a low concentration

    oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air in the alveoli

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Author:
 PoppyG
ID:
 288034
Filename:
 Louis science
Updated:
2014-11-03 23:42:31
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science
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