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Ways of Studying Evolution
- Mechanism
- Lineages
- Evidence
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Mechanism Way of Studying Evolution
- "How"
- Microevolution
- Macroevolution
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Lineages Way of Studying Evolution
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Evidence (Way of Studying Homology)
- Anatomical Homology
- Molecular Homology (DNA/RNA, Proteins)
- FOssils
- Biogeography
- Development
- Other
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Phylogenic Tree
- evolutionary interrelationships among various species or other entities that are believed to have a common ancestor
- Each node with descendants show the most recent common ancestor
- Branch Lengths may show time estimates
- Relations inferred using homologies
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Phylogenic Classifications
- Monophyletic Groups
- Paraphyletic Groups
- Polyphyletic Groups
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Monophyletic Groups
Ancestor and All Descendents
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Paraphyletic Groups
Ancestor and some descendants
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Polyphyletic Groups
Unrelated clades
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Approaches to Reconstructing Phylogeny
- Evolutionary
- Phylogenetic/Cladistic
- Phenetics/Numerical
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Goal of Phylogeny
Monophyletic Phylogenies
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Evolutionary Phylogeny
- Classic Approach
- Homologous characteristics
- Traits that resemble each other based on common ancestry (Natural selection, Genetic drift)
- Traits used based on expert opinion
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Phylogenetic/Cladistic Approach
- Shared derived characteristics
- CHaracteristics are determined to be ancestral, unique derived, or shared derived
- Emphasizes how recently species shared an ancestor
- Linage of descent: clades
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Phenetic/Numerical Approach
- Uses all characters
- Assigns a numerical value to characteristics
- Disregards homology
- Parallel (convergent) evolution may obscure relationships
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