Shell bash commands

grep [options] pattern [file]

searches named input FILE (or stdin if no file or - is given) for lines containing a match to given PATTERN. By default, grep prints matching lines.

• -v --invert match i.e. select non-matching lines
• * --preceding item matched zero or more times
• ^ --matches empty string at beginning of a line
• $ --matches empty string at end of line

• ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
• lists information about the FILEs, normally sorts alphabetically
• -a --all (dont ignore entries starting with .)
• -i --inode (print index no. of ea file)
• -l --long (use long listing format)
• -d --drectory (list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links)

Note, you an use multiple options together

ps [OPTIONS]

ps displays information about a selection of active processes

• -e --select all processes, like -A
• -f --does full format listing

• Note, format for -f is:
• UID, PID, PPID, C, STIME, TTY, TIME, CMD

• sort [OPTION]...[FILE]...
• writes sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to stdout

• -r --reverse (reverse result of comparisons)
• -k --key=POS1[,POS2] starts a key at POS1 end it at POS2 (default end of line) i.e. sort by POS1 column

• uniq [OPTIONS]...[INPUT[OUTPUT]]
• filters adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or stdin) writing to output (or stdout)

-c --count (prefix lines by no. of occurences)

• cat [OPTION]...[FILE]...
• concatenates FILE or stdin to stdout

putting a - between files will wait for input until ^D given, at which file after - will print

• head [OPTION]...[FILE]...
• prints first ten lines of each FILE to stdout. with more than one FILE, precede ea. with a header giving the file name. With no FILE or -, read stdin.

-n (number) prints out first n lines of first 10

does exactly the same as head but ten lines from the bottom of the file

• cut OPTION...[FILE]...
• removes sections from each line of files

-f --fields=LIST (select only these fields; also print any line containing no delimiter character, unless -s option is specified)

-d --delimiter= DELIM (use DELIM instead of TAB for the field delimiter)

• wc [OPTION]...[FILE]...
• print newline, word, and byte counts or ea. FILE and a total if more than one FILE is specified. reads stdin if no FILE or - is given

-l --lines (print the newline counts)

• Note, format is:
• newlines words bytecount filename

diff [OPTION]...FILES

compares files line by line

• output:
• 1st line: a added, d deleted and c changed. Line numbers of the original file appear before these letters and those of the modified file appear after the letter.
• < means something in first thats not in second
• ---
• > means something in second thats not in first

• chmod [OPTION]...MODE[,MODE]..FILE...
• changes file mode bits of ea. given file according to MODE which can also be octal
• e.g. chmod u+rwx foo

+add, -take

• ugoa (user, group, others, all)
• rwxX (read, write, execute or search for directories, X x only if dirctory or already has execute permissions)

• -v --verbose (output diagnostic for every file)
• -c --changes (only report when change is made, otherwise like verbose)
• -f --silent (suppress most error messages)
• -R --recursive (change files and directories recursively)

• ln make links between files
• ln [OPTION]...TARGET or
• ln [OPTION]...TARGET...DIRECTORY

-s --symbolic link instead of hard

• rm [OPTION]...FILE...
• removes specified file but does not remove directories by default

• -f --force (ignore nonexistent files, no prompting, remove whether protected or not)
• -r --recursive (remove directories and contents)

• mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY
• creates the DIRECTORIES if they do not already exist

• rmdir [OPT] DIRECTORIES
• removes empty directories

• copy files and directories from SOURCE to DEST or to DIRECTORY
• cp [OPTION] SOURCE DIRECTORY/DEST

-r --recursive (copies recursively)

• mv [OPTION] SOURCE DIR/DEST
• renames SOURCE to DEST, or moves SOURCE to DIRECTORY

• vi like vim is a text editor
• pico is also a text editor

svn add files: puts files and directories under version control, scheduling them for addition to repository on the next commit

svn commit [path]: sends changes from working copy to repository

svn remove path/url: removes files and directories from version control

svn move SRC DST: moves or renames something in working copy or repository

svn update [path]: brings changes from repository into working

svn info [target]: displays info about local or remote item

svn status [path]: print status of working copy files and directories

svn diff FILES: displays differences between revisions or paths

• less [OPTIONS]
• displays output one screen at a time, searches through output, edits command line