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Sickness was caused by ___
evil spirits
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Diseases were caused by very small living things called ___
germs
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He proved the germ theory by making 2 important discoveries about bacteria
Louis Pasteur
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unicellular organisms
Bacteria
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2 important discoveries of Louis Pasteur about bacteria
- many diseases are caused by bacteria
- bacteria could be killed by excess heat
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It is the process of heating milk to 140o F (60o C) and keeping it all at that temperature for one-half hour
Pasteurization
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It kills harmful bacteria and makes milk safe for us to drink
Pasteurization
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He is the father of aseptic surgery
Joseph Lister
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He found out that germs could also be killed by carbolic acid
Joseph Lister
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He recognized that many deaths seemed to be connected with unclean conditions
Joseph Lister
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He was the first one to want surgical wound kept clean and the air in the Operating Room kept clean
Joseph Lister
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Amputation decreased from ___
45%-15%
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The primary source or means of spreading infection
individual health worker
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it is a very small microorganism. It cannot be seen with the naked eye but only through the use of a microscope
germ
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What are the types of microorganisms?
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Parasites
-
they are the most common infection-causing microorganism
bacteria
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What are the characteristics of bacteria
- very small
- occur nearly everywhere in nature
- they occur most abundantly where they find food, moisture and a temperature suitable for their growth and multiplication
-
they consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to reproduce
viruses
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it includes yeast and molds
fungi
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they live on other living things
Parasites
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they are best known to the average person by the diseases they caused in the human beings
Microorganisms
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they are disease producing microorganisms
Pathogens
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Pathogens grow best at body temperature ___, ___
-
they destroy human tissue by using it as food
pathogens
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they are the waste products of pathogens and are absorbed and poison the body
toxins
-
they are microorganisms that are necessary for health and usually live and grow in a specific location
Normal Flora
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it is the chemical change in food
fermentation
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Microbes each have their own normal environment called ___
Natural Habitat
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blood infection
bacteremia
-
it belongs to the colon where it helps to digest food
E. coli
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conditions affecting the growth of bacteria
- moisture
- temperature
- oxygen
- light
-
high temperature kills most bacteria
107 F
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most disease causing bacteria grow more rapidly
50 F to 110 F
-
normal human body temperature. Bacteria thrive easily on and in human body
98.6 F
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low temperature kill bacteria but retard their activity and growth rate
32 F
-
they require oxygen to live
aerobic bacteria
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they can survive without oxygen
anaerobic bacteria
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___ favors the development of bacteria. They become very active and multiply rapidly
Darkness
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___ is bacteria's worst enemy
Light
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they are bacteria that have formed hardshells around themselves as defense, very difficult to kill and can even live in boiling water
spores
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chain of infection
- etiological agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit from reservoir
- methods of transmission
- portal of entry to the susceptible host
- susceptible host
-
the extent to which any microorganism is capable of producing infectious process depends on:
- number of microorganisms present
- the virulence and potency of the microorganism
- the ability of the microorganisms to enter the body
- the susceptibility of the host
- the ability of the microorganisms to live in the hosts body
-
sources of microorganisms
reservoir
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before an infection can establish itself in a host, microorganisms must leave the reservoir
portal of exit from reservoir
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what are the portals of exit?
mouth, nose, anus, vagina, urinary meatus, open wound
-
it is the first line of defense
intact skin
-
Mechanisms/ methods of transmission
- direct transmission
- indirect transmission
- airborne transmission
-
types of indirect transmission
- vehicle borne
- vector borne
-
substance that serves as an intermediate means to support and introduce an infectious agent to susceptible host through suitable portal of entry
vehicle borne
-
animal or flying/crawling insects
vector borne
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before a person can become infected, microorganisms must enter the body
portal of entry to the susceptible host
-
any person who is at risk of infection
susceptible host
-
they are directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi or other infectious agents
specific defenses
-
substance that induces a state of sensitivity to immune responsiveness
antigen
-
-
factors increasing susceptibility to infection
- age
- heredity
- nature, number and duration of physical and emotional stressor
- resistance to infection
- some medical therapies
- certain medications
- any disease that lessens body defenses to infection
-
supporting defenses of a susceptible host
- hygiene
- balanced diet
- fluids
- rest and sleep
- immunizations
-
types of infection
- local
- systemic
- acute
- chronic
- nosocomial
-
it is the process by which stains of microorganisms become resident flora
colonization
-
limited to the specific part of the body where microorganisms remain
local
-
if the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body
systemic
-
it can lead to septicemia
systemic
-
generally appears suddenly or last a short time
acute
-
occurs slowly, over a very long period of time, and may last months or years
chronic
-
associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility
nosocomial
-
may develop during a client's stay in a facility or manifest after discharge
nosocomial
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freedom from disease causing microorganisms
asepsis
-
it is the effort to prevent spread of microorganisms
infection control
-
types of asepsis
- medical asepsis
- surgical asepsis
-
it includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth and transmission
medical asepsis
-
refers to practices that keep an area or object free from all microorganisms includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores
surgical asepsis
-
it is protecting the patient against becoming infected a second time by the same microorganism
reinfection
-
it is protecting the patient against becoming infected by new or different type of microorganism from equipment, another patient or a member of the hospital staff
cross contamination
-
they are machines that produce high temperature, pressurized steam
autoclaves
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supplies and equipments that comes in contact with an open wound or the blood stream
critical items
-
supplies and equipments that are used in the care of patients but do not come in contact with open or draining areas
non-critical items
-
it refers to measures designed to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious microorganisms to health, personnel, clients and visitors
isolation
-
category-specific isolation precautions
- strict isolation
- contact isolation
- respiratory isolation
- tuberculosis isolation
- enteric precautions
- drainage/ secretion precaution
-
provided precautions for specific diseases
disease-specific isolation precautions
-
techniques to be used with all clients to decrease the risks of transmitting unidentified pathogens
universal precautions
-
employs generic infection control precautions for all clients except those with few diseases transmitted through the air
body substance isolation
-
cdc isolation precautions
- standard precautions
- transmision based precautions, droplet precaution, contact precaution, airborne precaution
-
types of isolation precaution
- category specific isolation precautions
- disease specific isolation precautions
- universal precautions
- body substance isolation
- cdc isolation precautions
- isolation practices
- disposal of spoiled equipment and and supplies
- transporting clients with infection
- sterile technique
- infection control for health workers
-
it is designed to decrease the risk of transmission of disease through body fluids and is used when caring for all patients regardless of the patient's diagnosis and whether or not the patient is known to have infectious disease
standard precaution
-
secretions and excretions except swear, regardless of whether or not they contain blood
all body fluids
-
standard precaution applies to:
- blood
- all body fluids
- non-intact skin
- mucus membrane
-
designed for patients documented or suspected to be infected with pathogens that require extra precautions in addition with the "standard precautions"
transmission based precautions
-
types of transmission based precaution
- contact precautions
- droplet precaution
- airborne precaution
-
used for patients known to be infected with a microorganism that is not easily treated with antibiotics and can be transmitted easily by direct contact between the patient and the health care worker
contact precautions
-
for patients known or suspected to be infected with microorganisms transmitted by droplets that can be generated by the patient during coughing sneezing etc
droplet precaution
-
for patients known to be infected with microorganisms transmitted by droplet uclei that remain suspended in the air and can be widely dispersed
airborne precautions
-
isolation practices
- personal protective equipment
- gloves
- gowns
- face masks
- eyewear
-
disposal of soiled equipment and supplies
- bagging
- linens
- laboratory specimens
- dishes
- blood pressure equipment
- thermometer
- disposable needles, syringes ad sharps
-
sterile technique
- sterile field
- sterile gloving
-
protects the person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure
nonspecific defenses
-
nonspecific defenses
- anatomic and physiologic barriers
- inflammation response
-
what are the stages of infection
- incubation period
- prodromal stage
- full stage of illness
- convalescent period
-
interval between the pathogen's invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection
incubation period
-
-
it is the most infectious stage . Symptoms are present but vague and non specific.
prodromal stage
-
the presence of specific signs and symptoms indicates the full stage of illness
full stage of illness
-
recovery period from infection
convalescent period
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