Infection Control

Sickness was caused by ___

Diseases were caused by very small living things called ___

He proved the germ theory by making 2 important discoveries about bacteria

unicellular organisms

2 important discoveries of Louis Pasteur about bacteria

It is the process of heating milk to 140^o F (60^o C) and keeping it all at that temperature for one-half hour

It kills harmful bacteria and makes milk safe for us to drink

He is the father of aseptic surgery

He found out that germs could also be killed by carbolic acid

He recognized that many deaths seemed to be connected with unclean conditions

He was the first one to want surgical wound kept clean and the air in the Operating Room kept clean

Amputation decreased from ___

The primary source or means of spreading infection

it is a very small microorganism. It cannot be seen with the naked eye but only through the use of a microscope

What are the types of microorganisms?

they are the most common infection-causing microorganism

What are the characteristics of bacteria

they consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to reproduce

it includes yeast and molds

they live on other living things

they are best known to the average person by the diseases they caused in the human beings

they are disease producing microorganisms

Pathogens grow best at body temperature ___, ___

they destroy human tissue by using it as food

they are the waste products of pathogens and are absorbed and poison the body

they are microorganisms that are necessary for health and usually live and grow in a specific location

it is the chemical change in food

Microbes each have their own normal environment called ___

blood infection

it belongs to the colon where it helps to digest food

conditions affecting the growth of bacteria

high temperature kills most bacteria

most disease causing bacteria grow more rapidly

normal human body temperature. Bacteria thrive easily on and in human body

low temperature kill bacteria but retard their activity and growth rate

they require oxygen to live

they can survive without oxygen

___ favors the development of bacteria. They become very active and multiply rapidly

___ is bacteria's worst enemy

they are bacteria that have formed hardshells around themselves as defense, very difficult to kill and can even live in boiling water

chain of infection

the extent to which any microorganism is capable of producing infectious process depends on:

sources of microorganisms

before an infection can establish itself in a host, microorganisms must leave the reservoir

what are the portals of exit?

it is the first line of defense

Mechanisms/ methods of transmission

types of indirect transmission

substance that serves as an intermediate means to support and introduce an infectious agent to susceptible host through suitable portal of entry

animal or flying/crawling insects

before a person can become infected, microorganisms must enter the body

any person who is at risk of infection

they are directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi or other infectious agents

substance that induces a state of sensitivity to immune responsiveness

mediated defenses

factors increasing susceptibility to infection

supporting defenses of a susceptible host

types of infection

it is the process by which stains of microorganisms become resident flora

limited to the specific part of the body where microorganisms remain

if the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body

it can lead to septicemia

generally appears suddenly or last a short time

occurs slowly, over a very long period of time, and may last months or years

associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility

may develop during a client's stay in a facility or manifest after discharge

freedom from disease causing microorganisms

it is the effort to prevent spread of microorganisms

types of asepsis

it includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth and transmission

refers to practices that keep an area or object free from all microorganisms includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores

it is protecting the patient against becoming infected a second time by the same microorganism

it is protecting the patient against becoming infected by new or different type of microorganism from equipment, another patient or a member of the hospital staff

they are machines that produce high temperature, pressurized steam

supplies and equipments that comes in contact with an open wound or the blood stream

supplies and equipments that are used in the care of patients but do not come in contact with open or draining areas

it refers to measures designed to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious microorganisms to health, personnel, clients and visitors

category-specific isolation precautions

provided precautions for specific diseases

techniques to be used with all clients to decrease the risks of transmitting unidentified pathogens

employs generic infection control precautions for all clients except those with few diseases transmitted through the air

cdc isolation precautions

types of isolation precaution

it is designed to decrease the risk of transmission of disease through body fluids and is used when caring for all patients regardless of the patient's diagnosis and whether or not the patient is known to have infectious disease

secretions and excretions except swear, regardless of whether or not they contain blood

standard precaution applies to:

designed for patients documented or suspected to be infected with pathogens that require extra precautions in addition with the "standard precautions"

types of transmission based precaution

used for patients known to be infected with a microorganism that is not easily treated with antibiotics and can be transmitted easily by direct contact between the patient and the health care worker

for patients known or suspected to be infected with microorganisms transmitted by droplets that can be generated by the patient during coughing sneezing etc

for patients known to be infected with microorganisms transmitted by droplet uclei that remain suspended in the air  and can be widely dispersed

isolation practices

disposal of soiled equipment and supplies

sterile technique

protects the person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure

nonspecific defenses

what are the stages of infection

interval between the pathogen's invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection

it is the most infectious stage . Symptoms are present but vague and non specific.

the presence of specific signs and symptoms indicates the full stage of illness

recovery period from infection