AP Euro Chapters 17-20

ordered by Ivan the Terrible, located in Moscow also had Byzantine influenced architecture

The cossack uprising against the Russian nobility, they ultimately lost

Russia, annexed parts of Poland

Refugees banded together in settlements for protection, helped the tsar in return for autonomy

Prussian serfs were bound to the land generationally

Austrian law forcing serfs into 3 days a week labor

An aristocratic family in Prussia

The first real enlightened monarch, he allowed toleration of jews and other religions and abolished serfdom

The pragmatic sanction

Declared that all Hapsburg territories must stay together, attempted to protect Maria. Broken by Prussia.

• Prussia - Holenherzons
• Austria - 
• Russia - Romanovs

Built St. Petersburg, forced aristocracy to change.

Russian aristocracy

Geocentric - Earth is the center

Used naked eye, believed in Heliocentric model, but had no solid evidence so he was ignored

believed in geocentric model and thought that a comet and star he saw was proof of this. He kept detailed data of his observations which were inherited by Kepler.

Believed that planets followed elliptical orbits and used mathematical laws to prove it.

Using his telescope, he showed that the universe was made of matter

Galileo

A skeptical essayist

believed in “washing the mind clear of opinions,” inductive reasoning

His view of the world was broken down into mind and matter (Cartesian dualism). Used deductive reasoning.

Taking evidence to form a conclusion, also called empiricism. Associated with Bacon.

Taking a theory or hypothesis and finding the evidence to prove it. Associated with Descartes.

Artists and thinkers would meet. Often run by women.

The beginning of the enlightenment. He believed that everyone is born as a "tabula rosa" - a blank slate. He supported limiting absolutism through checks and balances and that government should be "by the consent of the governed"

Observed a comet and predicted its next appearance.

Invented the smallpox vaccination

Developed the idea of natural law, which governed the heavenly bodies. he provided a mathematical explanation of gravity and physics.

Diests - god created the world but wasn't involved in human daily life

Believed in Capitalism and free trade.

People believed to have become mentally ill from the lunar phases

Spread Newton's ideas in France by translating his work

Voltaire

Francois Marie Arouet; was against the corrupt church but supported religion, admired enlightened rulers, admired english freedoms

Saw government as an agreement between people (Social Contract). Didn't care how government worked as long as it helped the people.

Wrote Conservation on the Plurality of Worlds

An abolitionist slave who wrote about his accounts

A collection of all the world's knowledge. It was banned in France and by the Pope.

Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert.

Passed Townshend acts on America, English gov't member

French Absolute Monarch, was the ideal for all Eastern Absolute Monarchs that wanted to match his greatness and Versailles (his palace)

set standards of fairness in transactions

A Jewish enlightened writer

Supported Absolutism, believed the people needed it

Helped agriculture industry, suggested drilling holes for seeds and suggested using horses instead of oxen

Charles Louis de Secondat;

an empiricist who believed that desire governed human behavior

A french atheist who wrote against religion, human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces

Fredrick William I (The Sergeant King) turned Prussia into a militaristic state

Voltaire

Voltaire

An economic thinker who wrote about population growth, thought that food would always be less than population

An economic thinker who wrote about wages

Montesquieu first publication

What peasants ate when they were starving - bark, grass, plants

Medicine and drug stores

Copernicus

French royal house including Henry Navarre

Spanish-American upper class

St.Petersburg created by Peter the great was considered to be the “window to the west” because it was very new and modern. He brought in western and baroque ideas to create this city.

Lords had powerful economic incentives to increase the production of their estates because of gold and silver flow from the new world. They started taking more land from the peasants and had very profitable surpluses from their land.

They lost the right to move freely across land

Another name for the cottage industry. Rural people worked early pre-industrial labor jobs such as sewing, spinning weaving, etc.

The common land in rural areas was taken by major landowners, forcing peasants to work as laborers, move to the city, or work in cottage industry

A midwife who taught others. She knew more about it than the doctors of the time.

The first to use the term "Enlightenment"

• England - Methodism, John Wesley
• Germany - Pietism, Jakob Philip Spener

A satirical play by Voltaire

Voltaire

Rousseau

It lessened the population prior to this time, a vaccine against it had been developed allowing the population to start to recover

It increased dramatically

It was illegal, overlaying became more common.

Imbalance of spinning and weaving

Newton

The serfs day off