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the chemicals that make up the body may be divided into two major categories: inorganic and organic.
Chemical level of organization
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The smallest living units of structure and fuctions. The human body consists of more than 200 diffeent types of these. each type of cell is made of chemmicals and carries out specific chemical reactions.
Cellular levels of organization
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a group of cells with similar structure and fuction.
Tissue levels of organization.
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Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve are four groups of what?
Tissues
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a groups of tissues precisely arranged so as to accomplsh specific functions. examples of this are the kidneys, individual bones, the liver, lungs, and stomach.
Organ levels of organization
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a group of organis that all contribute to a particular function. examples are the urinary sysem, digestive system, and respiratory system.
Organ systems levels of organization
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The pancreas is a part of which two organ system?
Digestive and Endocrine organ.
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The diaphragm is part of both the _____ and _____systems.
Muscular and respiratory systems.
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The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).
integumentary system
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the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
Nervous System
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controls the way your body functions. It produces hormones that travel to all parts of your body to maintain your tissues and organs.
Endocrine system
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the body has 2 major cavities
dorsal and ventral
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what does the dorsal cavity contain?
- Central nervious system
- cranial caviy
- vertebral/or spinal cavity
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the membrane that line these cavites and cover the brain and spinal cord is called?
meninges
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what is in the ventral cavity?
Thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity seperated by diaphargm.
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what are the organsin the thoracic cavity include?
lungs and heart
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what are the organs in the abdominal cavity include?
the liver, stomach, and intestines.
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superior
- above, or higher
- The heart is superior to the liver
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inferior
- below or lower
- the liver is inferior to the lungs
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anterior
- toward the front
- the chest is on the anterior side of the body
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posterior
- toward the back
- the lumbar area is posterior to the unbilical area.
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ventral
- toward the front
- the mammary area is on the ventral side of the body
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dorsal
- toward the back
- the buttocks are on the dorsal side of the body
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medial
- toward the midline
- the heart is medial to the lung
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lateral
- away from the midline
- the shoulders are lateral to the neck
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internal
- within, or interior to
- the brain is internal to the skull
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external
- outside, or exterior to
- the ribs are external to the lungs
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superficial
- toward the surface
- the skin is the most superficial organ
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deep
- within, or interior to
- the deep veins of the legs are surrounded by muscles
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Central
- the main part
- the brain is part of the central nervous system
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peripheral
- extending from the main part
- nerves in the arm are part of the peripheral nervous system.
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proximal
- closer to the origin
- the knee is proximal to the foot.
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distal
- farther from the origin
- the palm is distal to the elbow.
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parietal
- pertaining to the wall of a cavity
- the parietal pleura lines the chest cavity
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visceral
- pertaining to the organs within a cavity
- the visceral pleura covers the lungs.
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Frontal Section
a plane from side to side separates the body into front and back portions.
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sagittal section
a plane from from to back separates the body into right left portions. Can be uneven.
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midsagittal section
creates equal right and left halves.
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cross-section
a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the organ.
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longitudinal section
a plane along the long axis of the organ.
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Transverse plane
a plane that divides the body to superior and inferior halves.
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ionic bond
- involves the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of the electron(s) by another atom(s)
- ex: NaCl
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Covalent bonds
- the sharing of electrons between atoms.
- ex: O2
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Disulfide bonds
a covalent bond formed between two atoms of sulfur, usually within the same large protein molecule.
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Hydrogen bonds
does not involve the sharing or exchange of electrons, but rather results because of a property of hydrogen atoms.
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what is the cellular respiration equation?
Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Heat
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Definition of Acids
increase concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a water solution
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Definition of Bases
a substance that decreases the concentration of H+ ions, in the case of water, has the same effect as increasing the concentration of hydroxyl ion (OH-)
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Carbohydrates as Organic Molecules
source of energy in cell respiration. All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
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Lipids as Organic Molecule
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. some also contain phosphorus.
3 types: true fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Proteins as Organic Molecules
are made of smaller subunits or building blocks called amino acids. contains elements: C, H, O2, and N. some contain sulfur which permits disulfide bonds in proteins such as insulin and antibodies.
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electrons
negative charge is found outside the nucleus orbiting in what may be called an electron cloud or shell around the nucleus
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protons
- positive electrical charge and is found i the nucleus or center of atom.
- number of protons in atom gives it its atomic number.
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neutrons
electrically neutral and is found in the nucleus.
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DNA base pairing?
- A - T (Adenine - Thymine)
- G - C (Guanine - Cytosine)
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RNA base pairing
- A - U (Adenine - Uracil)
- G - C (Guanine - Cytosine)
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