soc 100 ch 20

the study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human populations

an observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and so on), population grows geometrically (from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 and so forth)

a pattern of growth in which numbers double during approximately equal intervals, thus accelerating in the latter stages

a three-stage historical process of population growth; first, high birth rates and high birth rates and low death rates; and third, low birth rates and low death rates; and fourth stage has begun to appear in the Most Industrialized Nations

the process by which a country's population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigration are too low to replace those who die and emigrate

a graphic representation of population, divided into age and sex

the three factors that influence population growth: fertility, mortality, and net migration

the number of children that the average woman bears

the number of children that women are capable of bearing

the annual number of live births per 1,000 population

the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population

the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population

the net change in population after adding births, subtracting deaths, and either adding or subtracting net migration

growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration

a demographic condition in which women bear only enough children to reproduce the population

a place in which a larger number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food

the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities have growing influence on the culture

a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs

an urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many suburbs

a city of 10 million or more residents

a central city and the urbanized counties adjacent to it

a large clustering of service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provides a sense of place to people who live, shop, and work there

middle class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes

a community adjacent to a city

Robert Park's term for the relationship between people and their environment; also known as urban ecology

the process by which a group of people displaces a group whose racial-ethnic or social class characteristics differ from their own

wearing an ipod to avoid contact

the more bystanders there are, the less likely people are to help

the rehabilitation of a rundown area, which usually results in the displacement of the poor who are living in that area

the use of economic incentives in a designated area to enourage invetsment

the officers of a financial institution deciding not to make loans in a particular area

the withdrawal of inverstments by financial institutions, which seals the fate of an urban area

industries moving out of a country or region