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The epidermis is made of ___________ _____________, ____________ epithelium.
keratinized stratified, squamous
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What are the 5 components of the dermis?
- thick, fibrous, elastic connective tissue
- vessels
- nerves SALT
- adnexae
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The hypodermis and subcutaneous layers are made up of ______________.
fibroadipose tissue
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Stratified squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis that are arranged in 4 distinct layers.
keratinocytes
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The stratum basale consists of the ___________, ___________, ____________ epithelial cells that are attached to the basement membrane; as they proliferate, the daughter cells....
undifferentiated, basophilic, columnar-cuboidal; are pushed up toward the surface and undergo maturation
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The stratum spinosum is comprised of __________, __________, _________ cells that are __________-shaped; they have prominent ______________, which are ____________.
differentiating, maturing, basal; polyhedral; intercellular junctions; desmosomes
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Desmosomes are anchored to the cell membrane by ____________.
tonofilaments
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The stratum granulosum is comprised of ________, _________, __________ cells with prominent __________.
differentiating, maturing, squamous prickle cells; cytoplasmic granules
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What are the 2 types of granules in the stratum granulosum?
keratohyaline and lamellar granules
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The lamellar granules of the stratum granulosum are made of __________ that is extruded into extracellular spaces to serve as an ___________.
phospholipid; intercellular cement
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The stratum corneum is made up of ________, _______, ________ cells; it consists of intracellular ___________ that are cross-linked in an amorphous matrix.
thin, squamous, dead (kornified); keratin filaments
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The stratum corneum is __________.
hydrophobic
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The thickness of the epidermis varies with __________ and ___________
physiological demands of the region; pathological processes
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What are the 3 types of accessory cells of the epidermis?
melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells
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Accessory cells that are pigment generators in the epidermis; dendritic (clear) cells.
melanocytes
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The accessory cells of the epidermis that are macrophages; dendritic (clear) cells.
langerhans cells
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Most melanin is contained in __________.
keratinocytes (NOT melanocytes)
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Melanocytes in the ___________ of the epidermis make __________, which is then.....
stratum basale; melanin; injected into keratinocytes
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Substance that quenches UV light, scavenges free radicals, and prevents oxidative damage in the epidermis.
melanin
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Langerhans cells in the ___________ that trap _______ and present them to ________ in the ________; part of SALT.
stratum basale; antigens; T lymphocytes; dermis
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Intraepidermal lymphocytes are __________, which moderate cell-mediated immunity.
T lymphocytes
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What are the 2 functions of the epidermis?
prevents loss of internal resources, protects body from external agents
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Meshwork of fibers in a gelatin-like solution extracellular fluid, cells, and glycosaminoglycans.
dermis
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The dermis is a thick layer of _____________.
fibrous connective tissue
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What are the 3 levels of dermal circulation?
SubQ/ deep dermal, cutaneous plexus, papillary plexus
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The SubQ/ deep dermal circulation consists of __(2)__; the cutaneous plexus supplies __(2)__; the papillary plexus is beneath the ________ and is composed of __(2)__.
arteries and veins; follicles and adnexa; epidermis; capillaries and venules
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The _________ regulate blood flow to the surface of the skin, which also serves the purpose to regulate _________.
A-V anastomoses; temperature
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When the A-V anastomoses b/w the cutaneous dermal circulation and papillary plexus are closed, ...
blood does not travel superficially, therefore, heat is conserved in cold weather.
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When the A-V anastomoses b/w the cutaneous dermal circulation and papillary plexus are opened, ...
blood travels superficially to release heat; therefore, the body temperature is lowered in hot weather
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Septic thrombosis and dermal ischemic necrosis.
diamond skin disease
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Fibroblasts secrete ____________ and _____________.
collagen fibers; glycosaminoglycans (polymers that fill the spaces b/w fibers)
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What are the 3 types of cells that are part of SALT (skin-associated lymphoid tissues)?
T cells, langerhans cells, MΦ's
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The reactive cells in the dermis.
mast cells
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6 functions of the dermis.
tensile strength, epidermal support/maintenance, adnexal support, immunity, storage (fluids, electrolytes), thermoregulation
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What are the 3 zones of hair/feather follicles?
infundibulum (opens to surface), isthmus (middle zone), lower zone (hair bulb)
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In a hair/feather follicle, the ______ is where stem cells are located and the _______ is the growth zone.
isthmus; lower zone
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What are the 4 layers of epidermis around a hair follicle?
external root sheath, internal root sheath, hair shaft, hair bulb
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What are the 3 divisions of the hair shaft of a hair follicle?
cuticle (thin cover), cortex (thick wall), medulla (central, sometimes hollow, area)
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During hair growth, __________ proliferate from the hair bulb and form a rolled cylinder of _________, __________ epithelial cells; the _________ dissolves at the level of the sebaceous duct, and _________ is injected into basal cells and carried up the hair shaft.
keratinocytes; stratified, squamous; internal root sheath; melanin
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The ____________ invaginates into the hair bulb of a hair follicle.
dermal papilla (papillary plexus)
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3 functions of hair/feathers?
thermal barrier, physical barrier, photo-protective
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Tactile hairs that come from a modified hair follicle set in a blood-filled sinus and the trabecular meshwork in the sinus is extensively innervated.
vibrissae
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Sebaceous glands function by ___________ secretion, which means they empty into follicles by ____________ from the basal cell layer, _________ into lipid-containing cells, and __________ of the entire cell.
holocrine; proliferation; differentiation; death
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Sebaceous glands release _________, a lipid that coats the epidermis to decreased water absorption and serves as an antimicrobial.
sebum
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Sweat glands consist of _________ tubules lined by __________ epithelium; they function by _________, meaning the cells do not proliferate, differentiate, or die; _________ glands empty into follicles and _________ gland empty directly onto the skin surface.
coiled; cuboidal; merocrine; apocrine; eccrine
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Smooth muscle attached to follicles and epidermis that contracts to increase the angle of the hair and squeezes the follicles and glands.
arrector pili muscle
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The deepest layer of the integument that lies beneath the dermis; the thickness varies.
hypodermis/subcutaneous
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The hypodermis/subcutaneous layer is made up of ____________, which is _________ filled with ________.
fibroadipose tissue; adipocytes; lipid
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What are the 3 functions of the hypodermis?
thermal regulation, physical protection, fat storage
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The digit has ________ __________ epithelium; the fingernail is made of a ___________.
stratified, squamous; dense keratinized plate.
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In a claw, the nail plate and dermis cover the ________ of the distal phalanx.
ungual process
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Infection around and in the nailbed.
paronychia
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The hoof wall is the ___________ divided into 3 layers, which are...
stratum corneum; stratum externum, stratum medium, stratum internum
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Where does each layer of the hoof wall stratum corneum grow from?
- stratum externum- growth from coronary band
- stratum medium- growth from coronary band
- stratum internum- growth from dermal laminae
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Interdigitating finers of the hoof dermis and epidermis that have many secondary fingers to allow tight binding of the hoof wall to the dermis.
dermal laminae
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____________ grow out from the epidermal laminae of the stratum internum of the hoof wall and fuse with the outer layers of the dermal laminae.
keratinocytes
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Inflammation b/w the dermal laminae with necrosis and separation of keratinocytes.
laminitis
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The pinna is skin with adnexae stretch over a ____________.
cartilage core
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Skin rolled into a hollow tube supported by cartilage, connecting the pinna to the ear drum.
auditory meatus
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The external auditory meatus contains ____________ and ____________ glands that makes a combined waxy secretory product with antimicrobial properties, called ___________.
modified apocrine sweat glands (cerumucinous); sebaceous; cerumen
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The conjunctiva of the eyelid consists of an inner smooth _________, _________ epithelium with _______.
stratified, columnar; goblet cells
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Sebaceous glands in the tarsal plate of the eye that open through a common duct at the lid margin.
meibomian (tarsal) glands
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Granuloma of the meibomian (tarsal) gland.
chalazion (sty)
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Ptosis is indicative of....
sympathetic nerve damage
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Modified sebaceous glands of the perineum.
perianal (hepatoid) glands
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Cystic diverticula of the anus that are lined by apocrine glands.
anal sacs
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What is the most common disorder of the perineum?
perianal gland adenoma
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