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culture
the knowledge that is learned, shared, and used by people to interpret experience and generate behavior
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ethnography
the task of discovering and describing a particular culture
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explicit culture
the culture that people can talk about and of which they are aware
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tacit culture
the shared knowledge of which people usually are unaware and do not communicate verbally
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participant observation
active participation while observing a culture; subjective and objective observations
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emic
insider's perspective
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etic
outsider's perspective
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informant
someone within a culture to give insight to an outsider
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naive realism
the notion that reality is much the same for all people everywhere
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ethnocentrism
a mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others'
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culture shock
a form of anxiety that results from an inability to predict the behavior of others or to act appropriately in cross-cultural situations
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culture stress
the small things that are bothersome that are different from your own culture
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cultural behavior
behavior stemming from a certain culture
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cultural knowledge
all the knowledge gained by living in a particular culture
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applied anthropology
any use of anthropological knowledge to influence social interaction, to maintain or change social institutions, or to direct the course of cultural change
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cultural artifacts
the things people shape or make from natural resources
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fieldwork
usually at least a year, traveling to the culture that you are studying and immerse yourself
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rapport
a close relationship built during fieldwork with the natives
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symbol
anything that humans can sense that is given an arbitrary relationship to its referent
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sex
physical/genetic difference between males and females
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gender
performance of masculinity or femininity
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language
the system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech
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class
a system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech
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race
cultural paradox; no genetics for race, but inequalities exist
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ethnicity
heritage, ethnic background
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colonialism
the control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people
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agency
the ability to influence the outcome of events
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rhetoric
the study of the effective use of language
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discourse
communication of thought by words; talk; conversation
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magic
strategies people use to control supernatural power to achieve particular results
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ritual
an established or prescribed procedure for a religious or other rite
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taboo
a prohibition or interdiction of anything; exclusion from use or practice
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fetish
an object regarded with awe as being the embodiment or habitation of a potent spirit or as having magical potency
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endogamy
marriage within a designated social unit
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exogamy
marriage outside any designated group
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kinship
the complex system of social relationships based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity)
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patrilineality
a rule of descent relating consanguine kin on the basis of descent through males only
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matrilineality
a rule of descent relating a person to a group of consanguine kin on the basis of descent through females only
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bride price
usually a standard sum of money. given to the parents of the bride by the grooms father and his line. viewed as a compensation for the loss of the bride's services and her shift in her loyalty
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fictive kin
forms of kinship or social ties that are based on neither consanguinal (blood ties) nor affinal (by marriage) in contrast to true kinship ties
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consanguine
the principle of relationship linking individuals by shared ancestry (blood)
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affine
a fundamental principle of relationship linking kin through marriage
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patrilocality
moving in with the man's family
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multilocality/oxorilocality
operating at a local level in more than one region
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polygamy
a marriage form in which a person has two or more spouses at one time
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polygyny
a form of polygamy in which a man is married to two or more women at the same time
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polyandry
a form of polygamy in which a woman has two or more husbands at one time
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cultural relativism
the principle that an individual human's belief and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture
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redistribution
the transfer of goods and services between a group of people and a central collecting service based on role obligation
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subsistence
strategies used by groups of people in their environment for material necessities. ex. hunting and gathering, agriculture, and horticulture
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reciprocity
the transfer of goods and services between two people or groups based on their role obligations
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the kula
a system of reciprocal gift giving off the islands of New Guinea
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commodity chain
a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers
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prestige
reputation or influence arising from success achievement, rank, or other favorable attributes
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structural inequality
a condition where one category of people are attributed an unequal status in relation to other categories of people
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possession
a ghost possessing a body
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glossolalia
the fluid vocalizing of speech-like syllables that lack any readily comprehended meaning, in some cases as part of religious practice
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sustainability
how biological systems remain diverse and productive
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swidden/ slash and burn
an agriculture technique that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests to create fields
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cultural ecology
the study of human adaptions to social and physical environments
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migration
the movement by people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location
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globalization
the process that promotes economic, political, and other cultural connections among people living all over the world
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cultural tourism
the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region's culture
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authenticity
whether or not the culture a society represents is authentic or notw
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warfare
the conduct of conflict between opponents
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