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what does the light reaction make?
Produces ATP and NADPH for dark reaction
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What does the dark reaction make
triose phosphates, which can make sugars
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What does the pentose phosphate pathway make
Generates NADPH and 5 carbon sugars that are required by all types of cells
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What part of mitochondria allows for more inner membrane space
cristae
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NADH dumps electrons onto
NADH-Q oxidoreductase (complex 1)
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NADH-Q oxidoreductase (complex 1) goes to
Q
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what also donates to Q?
(succinate-Q reductase, or complex 2
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Q adds to
Q cytochrome C oxidoreductase(complex 3)
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Q cytochrome C oxidoreductase(complex 3) donates to
Cyt c
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Cyt c donates to
Cytochrome C oxidase (complex 4)
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Cytochrome C oxidase (complex 4) donates to
O2
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What recycles NAD?
- o NADH donating electrons to FMN recycles NAD
- o FMN becomes FMNH2
- o FMNH2 donates electrons to
- iron-sulfur clusters
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What catalyzes this reaction? NADH
+ Q + 5H+ matrix → NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+cytoplasm
NADH-Q Oxidoreductase
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What does Q donate to in Q cycle?
Cytochrome c
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what do catalase and sod do?
- SOD= O2- into H2O2 and O2
- Catalase= H2O2 into H2O
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what did the stoeckenius prove?
proton gradient and ATP synthesis are separate processes
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whats drive what to make ATP?
Gamma (y) drives the Beta (B) subunits, paul boyer
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how many protons per ATP?
4 protons
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1 oxygen molecule needs how many protons to be pumped out?
20 (10 per oxygen atom)
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how many protons does the ADP ATP anti porter cost?
1 proton
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What is an etc uncoupler?
2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP)
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Entry into citric acid cycle?
- Pyruvate (with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
- becomes acetyl CoA
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inhibitors and activators of pyruvate dehydrogenase
- -NADH, ATP, and Acetyl CoA are inhibitors
- -CoA and NAD+ are activators
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Coenzymes with citric acid cycle
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoic acid, NAD+, FAD, and CoA
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Citric synthase is a what?
allosteric enzyme, induced fit, multiple subunits
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NADH Producing steps of citric acid cycle
Isocitrate---(isocitrate dehydrogenase)--Ketoglutarate
A-Ketoglutarate---(a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex)--Succinyl CoA
Malate—(Malate dehydrogenase)--Oxaloacetate
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Isocitrate goes to what?
Ketoglutarate with (isocitrate dehydrogenase)
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A-Ketoglutarate goes to what with what?
- SuccinylCoA with
- (Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex)
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Malate goes to what with what?
Oxaloacetate with (Malate dehydrogenase)
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ATP/GTP producing step
Succinyl CoA—(Succinyl CoA synthetase)---Succinate
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Succinyl CoA goes to what with what?
Succinate with Succinyl CoA synthetase
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FADH2 production
Succinate—(Succinate dehydrogenase)--fumarate
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Regulation steps of citric acid cycle
- Pyruvate- acetyl CoA
- Isocitrate- ketogluratate
- A-ketoglutarate- Succinyl CoA
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general inhibitors of TCA cycle
inhibited by ATP, the next step (ie acetyl CoA or succinyl CoA), and NADH
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general activators of TCA cycle
activated by substrate (like pyruvate), and ADP
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Pyruvate carboxylase does what?
makes oxaloacetate from pyruvate
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Unique enzymes for Gluconeogenesis
pyruvate Carboxykinase, Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase, Glucose-6-phosphatase
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pyruvate Carboxykinase
-converts Oxaloacetate and GTP into Phosphoenolpyruvate
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Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase
converts Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate into Fructose-6-phosphate
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Glucose-6-phosphatase
G6P to Glucose and Pi
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Enzyme that can carry CO2?
Biotin Transfers CO2
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