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White colour is normal articular cartilage?
White
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Where is articular cartilage thickest?
In the young and at sites of maximal weight bearing
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True or false: articular cartilage has a nerve, blood and lymphatic supply?
False
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What does articular cartilage merge with at its margins?
It merges with a periosteal surface lines by fibrous tissue that is continuous with the synovial membrane
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How does articular cartilage get its nutrition?
Nutrients diffuse into the articular cartilage from the synovial fluid and subchondral vessels.
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What type of collagen in mainly present in articular cartilage?
Type II collagen
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Describe the different layers of articular cartilage and their functions
- Superficial layers resist shearing forces (layers are being shifted relative to one another)
- Middle layers are involved in shock absorption
- Calcified cartilage attaches articular cartilage to bone by its irregular (interlocking) interfaces
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What is the tidemark, in articular cartilage?
The tidemark is the boundary between uncalcified articular cartilage and the calcified cartilage
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Under what circumstances is cartilage injury painful?
Only when the subchondral bone or synovium (tissues around the joint) are involved
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True or false: cartilage does not participate in inflammatory responses?
True - it is only affected by inflammation in the synovium, subchondral bone or growth cartilage
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Give examples of things that can cause a sterile injury to cartilage?
Trauma, joint instability, lubrication failure
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Describe the effect of repetitive stress on cartilage
Repetitive stress can damage both the matrix and chondrocytes, leading to inappropriate cellular responses, chondrocyte death and therefore a viscous cycle of injury - i.e. accumulation of micro damage
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True or false: cartilage has a minimal capacity for repair?
True - cartilage has a limited response to injury
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Describe cartilage fibrilation, erosion and ulceration
- Fibrilation - this is when proteoglycans are lost, collagen fibres condense and fray
- Erosion - this is when there is damage but it does not penetrate the subchondral bone
- Ulceration - this is when the full thickness of cartilage is lost. Areas of ulceration become filled with vascular fibrous tissue.
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During cartilage ulceration exposed subchondral bone develops increased density due to increased mechanical use, what is the term for this?
Eburnation
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Outline the steps in DJD
- Chondromalacia (softening)
- Erosion and fibrillation
- Ulceration
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What are osteophytes?
Bony outgrowth/spurs
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During what disease is there often the formation of osteophytes? What initiates their formation?
DJD. It is initiated by joint instability and/or inflammatory cytokines.
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What diagnostic test is important for diagnosing DJD?
Radiography
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What is pannus?
Inflammatory disease - it is a fibrovascular and inflammatory tissue that arises in the synvoium and spreads over articular cartilage.
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What is osteochondrosis?
A group of lesions in young animals where there is focal or multifocal failure of endochondral ossification at the metaphyseal growth plate and articular-epiphyseal complex. In small animal medicine it is a big cause of DJD in older animals.
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What are the different types of osteochondrosis?
- Osteochondrosis latens - this is the first lesion where there is necrosis of blood vessels in the epiphyseal cartilage of the articular-epiphyseal complex. These are microscopic lesions.
- Osteochondrosis manifesta - when the ossification front reaches this area of necrosis and there is a grossly visible area of necrotic epiphyseal cartilage.
- Osteochondritis dissecans - when clefts can form in the osteochondrosis lesion of the AE complex. The overlying cartilage fractures and flaps can form.
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What is a 'joint mouse'?
When a flap of articular cartilage breaks off during osteochondrosis and it 'lives' in the synovial fluid
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