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Vertebral column 3: soft tissue structures and species variations
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What type of joint is formed between the cranial and caudal articular facets of adjacent vertebrae?
Synovial joints
In total, how many synovial joints are associated with each vertebra?
4
At what points of the vertebral column are there not synovial joints?
At the atlanto-occipital joint, sacrum and caudal/coccygeal region
The intervertebral disc space is made up of two parts - what are these?
The annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
What is the function of the a) annulus fibrosus b) nucleus pulposus
a) Holds vertebral bodies together/provides stability
b) Provides shock absorption
Where is the annulus fibrosus thinnest?
Dorsally
List the different ligaments present in the vertebral column
Dorsal longitudinal ligament
Ventral longitudinal ligament
Interspinous ligament
Interarcuate ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Nuchal ligament
Intercapital ligament
Cost-transverse ligament
Radiate ligament
Where aspect of the vertebral column does the dorsal longitudinal ligament run along? And how much of the vertebral column is it present along?
It runs along the dorsal aspect of the vertebral bodies/ventral floor of the vertebral canal.
It is present from C2-entire length.
Where aspect of the vertebral column does the ventral longitudinal ligament run along? And how much of the vertebral column is it present along?
It runs along the ventral aspect of the vertebral bodies
It is present from C2-sacrum
Where are the interspinous ligaments located?
The are located between adjacent dorsal spinous processes
Where are the interarcuate ligaments located?
They fill the space between the cranial and caudal notches of adjacent vertebral arches and therefore also covers the intervertebral foramen
Where does the supraspinous ligament run? And how much of the vertebral column is it present along?
Along the dorsal spinous processes
It is present from T1-CC3
In the dog what is the cranial continuation of the supraspinous ligament? And where does it continue to?
The nuchal ligament
It continues to the caudal aspect of C2 (the axis)
What is the function of the nuchal ligament?
To provide passive support for the relatively large weight of the head
How many parts is the nuchal ligament composed of in horses? What are these?
Two - the funicular part and laminar part
Where does the funicular part of the nuchal ligament run to in the horse?
To the nuchal crest of the occipital bone
Where does the laminar part of the nuchal ligament run to in horses?
It runs from the funicular part of the nuchal ligament to the dorsal spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
What procedure is the nuchal ligament the site of in horses?
Microchipping
Which fluid filled bursar are associated with the nuchal ligament in the horse?
The atlantal bursa and supraspinous bursa
Where does the intercapital ligament run?
It runs between the heads of corresponding paris of ribs
What structures does the intercapital ligament merge with? What is the functional significance of this?
The dorsal longitudinal ligament and annulus fibrosus. This means as well as stabilising the ribs it also helps to stabilise the intervertebral disc
The intercapital ligament is only present in association with ribs ...?
1-10
Where does the cost-transverse ligament run?
It runs from the tuberculum of each rib to the transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae
Where is the radiate ligament located?
Ventrally - holds the head of the rib in place
In what areas is the spinal cord most vulnerable to damage?
In areas where it is subjected to a large amount of movement
What areas of the vertebral column are most venerable to damage?
Areas where there is a transition from an area of low motion to an area of high motion i.e. the cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar junctions
Which bones form the atlanto-occipital joint?
The atlas and the occipital condyle of the skull
Which bones form the atlanto-axial joint?
The atlas and axis
Which joint is the a) 'yes' joint b) 'no joint'
a) atlanto-occipital joint
b) atlanto-axial joint
Which muscles associated with the vertebral column are located dorsal/ventral to the transverse processes?
Dorsal- epaxial muscles
Ventral - hypaxial muscles
What is the function of the a) epaxial b) hypaxial muscles?
a) To extend the vertebral column and create lateral movement
b) Produce flexion and lateral movement
What is disc degeneration?
This is when the nucleus pulposus becomes dehydrated and results in the disc loosing its compliance which can predispose it to further damage
What does disc degeneration look like on MRI?
The nucleus pulposus no longer appears hyperintense but appears dark
What is disc protrusion?
This occurs when the disc material bulges dorsally from the disc space, pushing the dorsal longitudinal ligament into the vertebral canal
What is disc extrusion?
This is when the intervertebral disc ruptures through the dorsal longitudinal and disc material becomes located within the vertebral canal
Which areas of the vertebral column are common sites of disc degeneration?
Cervical region, lumbar region, thoracolumbar junction
What is the vertebral formula of the dog?
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd variable
What is the vertebral formula of the cat?
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd variable
What is the vertebral formula of the horse?
C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd variable
What is the name of the highest point of the thoracic vertebrae in the horse?
Withers
Where is the anticlinal vertebrae in the horse?
T16
What is the vertebral formula of the cow?
C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd variable
What is the vertebral formula of the pig?
C7 T14-16 L6-7 S2 Cd variable
What is the vertebral formula of the sheep?
C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd variable
Author
Anonymous
ID
292910
Card Set
Vertebral column 3: soft tissue structures and species variations
Description
Vet Med- Module 8
Updated
2015-01-13T21:14:51Z
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