Fluids & Electrolytes

hemorrage, diarrhea, vomiting, prolonged NPO, fistulas, ileostomy, profuse diaphoresis, burns, diuretics, gi suction, hyperventilation, impaired thirst, fever

excessive fluid replacement, late renal failure, heart failure, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, long term corticosteroid therapy

IV fluids, promote oral fluids, offer snacks, stop diurectic if applicable, pad bony prominences

increased pulse rate, bounding pulse, increased BP, distended neck veins, weight gain, increased respiratory rate, pitting edema, skin pale and cool to touch, increased motility

excessive diaphoresis, diuretics, renal disease, NPO

hyperaldosteronism, renal failure, corticosteroids, Cushings, dehydration,

diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, prolonged ng suction, Renal disease, NPO

respiratory changes, skeletal muscle weakness, weak hand graspa and deep tendon reflexes, thready and weak pulse, dysrhythmia, orthostatic hypotension, anxiety, decreased gastric motility, abdominal distention, lethargy, confusion

potassium IV- 5 to 10 mEq/hr, give oral potassium with food, d/c loop diuretic-- potassium sparing diuretic, eat foods high in potassium

salt substitutes, blood transfusion, renal failure, potassium sparing diuretics, over-ingestion of potassium rich foods

kidney disease, lactose intolerance, diarrhea, Crohn's or celiac disease, orthopaedic surgery, thyroidectomy

seizure precautions, high calcium diet, oral & IV calcium replacement,

muscle spasm, paresthesia, tetany, Trousseau's sign- positive palmar flecion with BP cuff inflated, and Chvostek's sign, HR and ECG changes, abdominal cramping, decreased bone density--increased risk for fracture