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what are the four ways cells communicate with each other
- gap junctions
- neurotransmitters
- paracrines
- hormones
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join single unit smooth muscle cardiac and epithelial and other cells to each other
gap junctionions
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these are released by neurons diffuse across a narrow synaptic cleft and bind to recepots on the surface of the next cell
neurotransmitters
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these are secreted into the tissue fluid by a cell, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue and stimulate there physisology sometimes called local hormomes
paracrines
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these are chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream and stimulate the physiology of cells in another tissue or organ often a considerable distance away
hormones
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this is suspended from the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum and housed in the sella turcia of the sphenoid bone
pituitary gland
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anterior three quarters of the pituitary
adenohypophysis
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the anterior lobe of the adenohypophysis is also called the
pars distalis
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the anterior pituitary has no nerve connection to the hypothalamus but is connected by a complex of blood vessels called the
hypophyseal portal system
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this constitutes the posterior one quarter of the pituitary. it has three parts:median eminence the stalk and the pars nervosa
it is not a true gland
neurohypophysis
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nerve fibers arise from cell bodies in the hypothalamus, travel down the stalk as a bundle called the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
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pine coned shape growth on the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum.
pineal gland
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produces serotonin and melatonin
pineal gland
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is located in the mediastinum superior to the heart
thymus
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largest endocrine gland wrapped around the anterior and lateral aspect of the trachea connected isthmus
thyroid gland
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this is partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid. usually 4 of them.
is secretes a hormone
parathyroid gland
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this sits like a cap on the superior pole of each kidney.
adrenal supraenal gland
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sympathetic ganglion
lacks dendrites and axons
works with the sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
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has three layers of grandular tissue;
glomerulosa
fasciulata
reticularis
adrenal cortex
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this organ is located inferior and dorsal to the stomach
gland is retroperitoneal
exocrine digestive gland
pancreas
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what organ is endo and exocrine
pancreas
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what produces sperm and eggs
is both endo and exo
produces hormones and sterioids
gonads
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ducts carry secretions to body surface or other organ cavity
extravellular effect
exocrine glands
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no ducts releases hormones into the tissue fluid
dense capillary network to distribute hormones
intracellular effects
alter target cell metabolism
endocrine glands
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derived from cholesterol
steriods
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OT & ADH
all releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus
most of the anterior pituitary hormones
peptides and gylcoprotiens
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derived from amino acids
catecholamines: norepi epi dopamine & thyroid hormones
monoamines
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regulates primitiave functions from water balance to sex drive
functions carried out by pituitary gland
hypothalamus
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involved in mineral metabolism
parathyroid glands
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carbohydrate and sodium+ metabolism sex hormones
outer cortex of adrenal gland
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activated by sunlight
regulates circadian rhythm
melatonin
pineal gland
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formed during the ovarian cycle
progesterone
corpus leuteum
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formed during pregnancy
placenta
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ducts carry secretions to body surface
exocrine
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no ducts hormones into tissue fluid dense capillary network
endocrine
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anterior lobe of hypothalmus
adenohypophysis
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posterior lobe of hypothalmus
nerohypophysis
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this organs functions are carried out by the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
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location bottom of third ventricle
connected to endocrine system
hypothalamus
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influences hr bp resp rate GI mobility pupils
fear loathing pleasure sex drive regulates body temp
hypothalamus
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regulation of food intake, water balance and thrist, sleep wake cycle, hormonal control,
*releases hormones that influence hormonal secretion from anterior pituitary
releases oxytocin and vasopressin
hypothalamus
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pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis
anterior pituitary
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pars nervosa
posterior pituitary
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PRL
GH
TSH
LH
FSH
ACTH
pars distalis hormones
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increases metabolic activity
carbohydrate to amino acids
moblization of fats
increase in tissue mass
growth and repair process
*glucose sparing effect
growth hormone
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increase osteoblastic activity and appositional growth affecting bone thickening and remodeling
growth hormone
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higher durring first 2 hours of deep sleep after high protein meal and after exercise
growth hormone
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targets thyroid
stimulates uptake of iodine
affects basal metabolic rate
thyroxin
thyroid stimulating hormone
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targets adrenal cortex
regulates response to stress
secretion of corticosteriods that regulate glucose fat protein and metabloism
adrenocorticiotpic hormone ACTH
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targets the ovarian follicle
development of ovum
results in release of estrogen
follicle stimulating hormone
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in males stimulates activity in the sertoli cells
follicle stimulating hormone
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targets the corpus leuteum
works with FSH to complete development of follicle adn induce ovulation
leutinizing hormone
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causes the leuteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone
LH
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in males it targest the intersitital cells
secretes testosterone
LH
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gonadotropins are controlled by
hypothalamus
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females milk synthesis after delivery
in males increases LH which increases testoesterone secretion
prolactin PRL
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absent in adult humans only in fetus
pars intermedia
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produced in hypothalmus transported down to posterior lobe
regualtes water reabsorbtion
targets kidneys to increase water retention
posterior pituitary
ADH antidiurtetic hormone
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targets smooth muscles of the uterus
has role in delivery of fetus
*pitocin
works with PRL to initiate lactation
OT oxytocin
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insuffcident iodone and thyroxine
hyposecretion of TSH
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goiter overstimulation of thyroid
hypersecretion of TSH
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insufficient reabsorbtion of water hyposecretion of ADH
diabetes insipidis
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increase bodys metablic rate and o2 consumption, calorigenic effect heat production
heart rate and contraction strength resp rate
stimulates appetite breadown of carbo, lipids proteins
thyroid gland
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produce calcitoin that decrease blood calcuium promotes calcium deposition and bone formation in children
c cells
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calorigenic, growth & nervous system development, metabolic-protein catabolism, glycogenolysis, muscular--ATP interface
effects of thyroxine
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targets bone and kidneys
lower blood calcium
inhibits bone resorbtion
monitored by c cells
TSH levels set rates of thyroxine synthesis and release
calcitonin
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increase blood calcium levels
targets bone and kidney
increase abspor of calcium
decrease urinary excretion
increase bone resorption by targeting osteoclasts
Parathyroid hormone
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comes from alpha in pancrease
glucagon
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from beta in pancreas
insulin
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in liver and skeletal muscle
liver glycogen stored for the brain
muscle glycogen use locally
glycogen synthesis
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used to synthesize ATP
glycolysis
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is needed to allow glucose to be absorbed into muscle and adipose cells
- insulin
- insulin dependent tissues
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digestive (liver) RBC and nervous tissues dont require this to absorb glucose
non insulin dependent tissue
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insulin stimulates adipose tissue to convert glucose to fat
lipogenesis
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promotes absorption of amino acids
gluconeogensis
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prolonged fasting releases this hormone (cortisol) increases protein catabolism
ACTH
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increases glycogen synthesis
glycolisis
lipogenesis
insulin
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increases glycogenolysis
gluconeogensis
lipolysis
glucagon
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zona glomerulosa
fasciculata
recticularis
adrenal cortex
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mineralcorticoids
glomerulosa
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glucocorticoids
fasciculata
-
-
targets kidneys control electrolyte balance promotes sodium retention and potassium
aldosterone
- mineralcorticoids
- zona glomerulosa
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cortisol
stimulates fat and protein catabolism
gluconeogenisis
release of fatty acids and glucose into blood anti insulin effect
anti inflamitory effect
- glucocorticoids
- zona facicualata
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essential for muscular activity
aid in RBC maintainence
nerve condiction
increase bodys resistance to stress
- glucocorticoids
- faciulatata
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testosterone and estrogen secreted in small amounts in both sexes
masked by gonadal production
estrogen secretion becomes important after menopause
- sex steroids
- zona reticularis
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stimulates the release of nor(epiephrine)
hormonal effect is longer lasting
increase--bp and hr blood flow to skeletal muscle air flow
decrease0 digestion adn urine formation
stimulates gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis
short duration sympathomimetic
adrenal medulla
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