bio 111

what are the four ways cells communicate with each other

join single unit smooth muscle cardiac and epithelial and other cells to each other

these are released by neurons diffuse across a narrow synaptic cleft and bind to recepots on the surface of the next cell

these are secreted into the tissue fluid by a cell, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue and stimulate there physisology sometimes called local hormomes

these are chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream and stimulate the physiology of cells in another tissue or organ often a considerable distance away

this is suspended from the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum and housed in the sella turcia of the sphenoid bone

anterior three quarters of the pituitary

the anterior lobe of the adenohypophysis is also called the

the anterior pituitary has no nerve connection to the hypothalamus but is connected by a complex of blood vessels called the

this constitutes the posterior one quarter of the pituitary. it has three parts:median eminence the stalk and the pars nervosa
it is not a true gland

nerve fibers arise from cell bodies in the hypothalamus, travel down the stalk as a bundle called the

pine coned shape growth on the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum.

produces serotonin and melatonin

is located in the mediastinum superior to the heart

largest endocrine gland wrapped around the anterior and lateral aspect of the trachea connected isthmus

this is partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid. usually 4 of them.
is secretes a hormone

this sits like a cap on the superior pole of each kidney.

sympathetic ganglion
lacks dendrites and axons
works with the sympathetic nervous system

has three layers of grandular tissue;
glomerulosa
fasciulata
reticularis

this organ is located inferior and dorsal to the stomach
gland is retroperitoneal
exocrine digestive gland

what organ is endo and exocrine

what produces sperm and eggs
is both endo and exo
produces hormones and sterioids

ducts carry secretions to body surface or other organ cavity
extravellular effect

no ducts releases hormones into the tissue fluid
dense capillary network to distribute hormones
intracellular effects
alter target cell metabolism  

derived from cholesterol

OT & ADH
all releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus
most of the anterior pituitary hormones

derived from amino acids
catecholamines: norepi epi dopamine & thyroid hormones

regulates primitiave functions from water balance to sex drive
functions carried out by pituitary gland

involved in mineral metabolism

carbohydrate and sodium+ metabolism sex hormones

activated by sunlight
regulates circadian rhythm
melatonin

formed during the ovarian cycle
progesterone

formed during pregnancy

ducts carry secretions to body surface

no ducts hormones into tissue fluid dense capillary network

anterior lobe of hypothalmus

posterior lobe of hypothalmus

this organs functions are carried out by the pituitary gland

location bottom of third ventricle
connected to endocrine system

influences hr bp resp rate GI mobility pupils 
fear loathing pleasure sex drive regulates body temp

regulation of food intake, water balance and thrist, sleep wake cycle, hormonal control, 

*releases hormones that influence hormonal secretion from anterior pituitary 

releases oxytocin and vasopressin 

pars distalis 
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

pars nervosa

PRL
GH
TSH
LH 
FSH
ACTH

increases metabolic activity
carbohydrate to amino acids 
moblization of fats 
increase in tissue mass
growth and repair process
*glucose sparing effect

increase osteoblastic activity and appositional growth affecting bone thickening and remodeling

higher durring first 2 hours of deep sleep after high protein meal and after exercise

targets thyroid
stimulates uptake of iodine 
affects basal metabolic rate 
thyroxin

targets adrenal cortex
regulates response to stress
secretion of corticosteriods that regulate glucose fat protein and metabloism

targets the ovarian follicle 
development of ovum 
results in release of estrogen

in males stimulates activity in the sertoli cells

targets the corpus leuteum 
works with FSH to complete development of follicle adn induce ovulation

causes the leuteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone

in males it targest the intersitital cells 
secretes testosterone

gonadotropins are controlled by

females milk synthesis after delivery 
in males increases LH which increases testoesterone secretion

absent in adult humans only in fetus

produced in hypothalmus transported down to posterior lobe 
regualtes water reabsorbtion 
targets kidneys to increase water retention 
posterior pituitary

targets smooth muscles of the uterus 
has role in delivery of fetus 
*pitocin
works with PRL to initiate lactation

insuffcident iodone and thyroxine

goiter overstimulation of thyroid

insufficient reabsorbtion of water hyposecretion of ADH

increase bodys metablic rate and o2 consumption, calorigenic effect heat production 
heart rate and contraction strength resp rate 
stimulates appetite breadown of carbo, lipids proteins

produce calcitoin that decrease blood calcuium promotes calcium deposition and bone formation in children

calorigenic, growth & nervous system development, metabolic-protein catabolism, glycogenolysis, muscular--ATP interface

targets bone and kidneys
lower blood calcium 
inhibits bone resorbtion 
monitored by c cells
TSH levels set rates of thyroxine synthesis and release

increase blood calcium levels 
targets bone and kidney
increase abspor of calcium 
decrease urinary excretion 
increase bone resorption by targeting osteoclasts

comes from alpha in pancrease

from beta in pancreas

in liver and skeletal muscle 
liver glycogen stored for the brain 
muscle glycogen use locally

used to synthesize ATP

is needed to allow glucose to be absorbed into muscle and adipose cells

digestive (liver) RBC and nervous tissues dont require this to absorb glucose

insulin stimulates adipose tissue to convert glucose to fat

promotes absorption of amino acids

prolonged fasting releases this hormone (cortisol) increases protein catabolism

increases glycogen synthesis 
glycolisis 
lipogenesis

increases glycogenolysis 
gluconeogensis 
lipolysis

zona glomerulosa
fasciculata
recticularis

mineralcorticoids

glucocorticoids

sex steriods

targets kidneys control electrolyte balance promotes sodium retention and potassium 
aldosterone

cortisol
stimulates fat and protein catabolism 
gluconeogenisis 
release of fatty acids and glucose into blood anti insulin effect 
anti inflamitory effect

essential for muscular activity 
aid in RBC maintainence 
nerve condiction 
increase bodys resistance to stress

testosterone and estrogen secreted in small amounts in both sexes 
masked by gonadal production 
estrogen secretion becomes important after menopause

stimulates the release of nor(epiephrine)
hormonal effect is longer lasting 
increase--bp and hr blood flow to skeletal muscle air flow 
decrease0 digestion adn urine formation 
stimulates gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis
short duration sympathomimetic