1. Integrated Approach 2. End of Nature vs Nurture

• explanations over the course of 1 organisms lifetime
• how?
• plumbing and wiring

• explain of functionality
• why?
• progression of the species

• 1. Falsifiable predictions
• 2. replicable observations
• 3. parsimony - don't overcomplicate

traditions or customs that characterize a society

process by which the people's cultural environments influence their beliefs, values and behaviors

living among the people being studied

comparing data collected from multiple cultures

if a functional hypothesis is true about one species' trait, than another species with the same trait must have faced a similar issue

ex. bugs with horns and deer with antlers

• error in reasoning that an evolutionary explanation justifies anything or justifies a trait
• ex. male aggressiveness towards women

• 1. Science&Subjectivity - self correcting predictions, replicable observations, parsimony
• 2. Proximate vs. Ultimate - multiple explanations are possible at one time
• 3. Morality and Naturalistic fallacy - evol. does not only perpetuate moral traits, "natural" doesnt always mean "good"
• 4. Blank Slate - culturally universal traits, specialized learning abilities
• 5.Nature vs. Nuture - everything is biological

the traits an individual possesses

all the genes carried by an individual

• 1. heritability
• 2. differential reproduction
• 3. variation