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What is the job of ANS?
To maintain homeostasis at the subconscious level
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Is the ANS voluntary or involuntary?
- involuntary
- *voluntary is somatic
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What 3 things does the ANS innervates?
-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-glands
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Why is ANS a involuntary MOTOR system ?
It innervates MOTILE involuntary muscles
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Figure 14.1) Function of CNS
-integrative and control centers
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Figure 14.1) function of PNS
Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
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Figure 14.1) sensory division
Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
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Figure 14.1) Motor Division
Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors
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Figure 14.1) which 2 branches comes from motor division ?
ANS and SNS
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Figure 14.1) somatic nervous system (2)
-conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
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Figure 14.1) Autonomic nervous system (2)
- -involuntary
- *visceral motor
-conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
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Figure 14.1) 2 parts of ANS
-sympathetic division
-parasympathetic division
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Figure 14.1) parasympathetic division (2)
-conserves energy
-promotes nonemergency functions
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Figure 14.1) Sympathetic division
-mobilizes body systems during emergency situations
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# of neuron system: Somatic
- 1
- *it takes one neuron to connect to the intended target
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# of neuron system: ANS
- 2
- *takes two neurons to connect to the intended target
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Degree of myelination: Somatic
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Degree of myelination: ANS (2)
-light or unmyelinated
*class B or Class C
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Post-gangliotic NT type: Somatic
Ach
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Post-gangliotic NT type: Sympathetic
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Post-gangliotic NT type: Para-sympathetic
Ach
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NT effect: Somatic
excite only
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NT effect: ANS
Effects depends on receptor
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Target Organ type: Somatic
Skeletal msucles
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Target organ type: ANS (3)
-smooth muscles
-cardiac muscles
-glands
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Typically, in the ANS, degree of myelination of pre-gang and post-gang?
Pre gang: light myelinated
Post- gang: unmyelinated
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What is a ganglion?
Collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS
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Which works faster, SNS or ANS?
SNS because it is more myelinated
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What is significant about the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic NTs?
They are receptor dependent
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What does receptor dependent mean?
Means that it can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the type of post-synaptic receptor on the target organ
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Parasympathetic system) function (2)
-Resting and digesting
-stores and conserves energy
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The D system
(3)
-digestion
-diuresis
-defecation
**parasympathetic system
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Slud system (4)
-salivation
-lacrimation
-urination
-defecation
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Sympathetic system) activates?
Emergency and threatening situations
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E system (4)
-exercise
-excitement
-emergency
-embarrassment
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What is nicknamed, brains of the gut?
Enteric nervous system
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What is the enteric nervous system part of?
The gut
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What is significant about enteric nervous system?
-it is influenced by both ANS branches but functions independently of all nervous systems control centers
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Enteric nervous system: nerve plexus located in walls of intestinal organs & mucosa are involved in controlling?
(2)
- -peristalsis
- *movement of the gut
-gastrointestinal secretions
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Cranio-sacral system
Parasympathetic system
*vagal & sacral nerves
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Parasympathetic system) where are the preganglionic neurons located in? (2)
-brainstem
-sacral region
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Parasympathetic system) 4 CN involved
-III
-VII
-IX
-X
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Parasympathetic system) sacral region of spinal cord (3)
-S2
-S3
-S4
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2 ways parasympathetic contributes to CNs (2)
-pre gang nerve body originates in brainstem near CN nuclei originate
-long fiber (axon) piggyback travels with CN to ganglion near target organ
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Parasympathetic system) CN III: Innervates (2)
-sphincter papillary muscle
-culinary muscle of the eye
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Parasympathetic system) CN III, what results from CNIII enervating the 2 structures? (2)
-contracts pupil
-thickens the lens
**needed for focusing on close objects
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Parasympathetic system) CN III, path to the 2 structures it innervates (2)
-pre gang to ciliary ganglion
-post gang from ciliary ganglion to the sphincter papillary muscle & culinary muscle of the eye
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Parasympathetic system) CN VII: Innervates (2)
-lacrimal gland
- -submandibular and sublingual glands
- *large salivary glands of the mouth
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Parasympathetic system) CN VII: function from enervating the 2 structures? (2)
--lacrimation
-increases watery saliva production
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Parasympathetic system) CN VII: path to innervates lacrimal gland (2)
-pre gang to pterygopalatine ganglion
-post gang to lacrimal gland
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Parasympathetic system) CN VII: path to innervates large salivary glands of the mouth (2)
-pre gang to submandibular ganglion
-post gang to sublingual and submandibular gland
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Parasympathetic system) CN IX: innervates
- -parotid gland
- *large salivary gland
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Parasympathetic system) CN IX: function for innervating the gland?
Increases watery saliva production
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Parasympathetic system) CN IX: path to innervate parotid gland (2)
Pre gang to optic ganglion
Post gang to parotid gland
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Parasympathetic system) CN X: innervates (2)
- -organs in the neck, thorax, and abdomen
- *ventral cavity
-reaches as far as the proximal 1/3 of the colon
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Parasympathetic system) CN X: functions
- -widely promotes rest/digest activity
- *vagus supplies 90% of all pre gang in parasympathetic
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Intramural ganglia?
Ganglia located in nerve peruses near target organs or in organ walls
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Parasympathetic system) sacral component: S2-s4 called?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
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Parasympathetic system) sacral component:S2-S4 innervates (3)
-distal 2/3 of colon
-pelvic organs
-genitals
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Parasympathetic system) sacral component: where are the ganglia located?
In the walls of target organs
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Parasympathetic NS: pre and post ganglionic fibers (2)
-long pre gang fibers to ganglion near of in the organ wall
-short post gang fibers
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Sympathetic NS: Pre v Post gang fibers (2)
-short preganglionic fibers to chain ganglia close to vertebral column
-long post gang fibers
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Sympathetic post gang fibers) adrenal medullary acts as
Post gang cells and release E/ne into the blood vascular system for a slower acting response that last longer
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Post gang/neurons =
Initial fast response
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Post gang/medullary cells =
Slow prolonged response
*allows us to keep running and running from the bear
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Thoraco-lumbar system
Sympathetic system
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sympathetic system) where are the pre gang neurons located in the S.C?
Lateral horn of thoracic and upper lumbar
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paravertebral ganglia?
Sympathetic chain
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Around how Manny pairs are there of paravertebral ganglia?
23-25
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What connects the sympathetic trunk ganglion?
Sympathetic trunk
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3 pathways of sympathetic innervation
-synapse at the same elvel
-synapse at a higher or lower level
-synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column
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Synapse at the same level pathway description
-pre gang begins at the lateral horn which sends axons out through ventral root to join ventral ramus of spinal nerve. ventral ramus gives off a white ramus communicans which enters at the sympathetic trunk ganglion at its associated level in order to synapse at the same level with post gang neuron. An unmyelinated post gang neuron exists at this level (gray ramus communicans) to travel long distance to intended target organ
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Synapse at a higher or lower level pathway overview
- Pre gang neuron originate from lateral horn entering sympathetic trunk ganglion by which white ramus communicans & post gang exiting through grey ramus communicans to reach eventual target
- ***these synapse at lower and higher levels above T1 and below L2
- **look at the pic
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Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column pathway
- Pre gang does not synapse at the sympathetic trunk ganglion & goes through a distant collateral ganglion
- *these innervates the many organs of thoracic-abdominal & pelvic cavities
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Are sympathetic chain ganglia bilateral>?
yes
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What are NTs used for?
To communicate between cells
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Pre-gang of both ANS divisions use...
Ach only
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Acetylcholine releasing fibers are termed...
cholinergic fibers
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Which fibers release acetylcholine ? (2)
- -all pre gang axons
- *Para and sympathetic
-parasympathetic post gang axon at their effector organs
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Norepinephrine releasing fibers are termed...
Adrenergic fibers
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Norepinephrine is released at
Almost all sympathetic post gang axons at their effector organs
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Receptors for Ach and Ne may be... (2)
Excitatory or inhibitory
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Cholinergic receptors binds to
Acetylcholine
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Adrenergic receptors binds to
Norepinephrine or epinephrine
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2 types of cholinergic receptors
-nicotinic receptors
-muscarinic receptors
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Cholinergic receptors ) Nicotinic receptors
- Always stimulatory
- *skeletal muscle and all ANS pre gang
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Cholinergic receptors ) muscarininc receptors
May be inhibitor or excitatory
- *inhibit to heart
- *excitatory to gut
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2 types of andrenergic receptors
-alpha
-beta
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Adrenergic receptors ) alpha receptors
Usually stimulatory
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Adrenergic receptors ) beta receptors
Usually inhibitory
*dilating vessels
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What releases epinephrine?
Adrenal medulla
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Where is epinephrine released into?
Mostly into the blood vascular system upon stimulation by the pre gang fires of the sympathetic NS
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What does epinephrine produces?
A generalized and prolonged sympathetic response
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Parasympathetic effects) eyes-iris (2)
-stimulates sphincter pupillae msucles
-constricts pupils
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Parasympathetic effects) eyes -cilairy muscles
- -stimulates muscle
- *makes lens bulge for close vision
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Parasympathetic effects) Glands
Nasal, lacrimal, gastric, pancreas
Stimulates secretory activity
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Parasympathetic effects) salivary glands
Stimulates secretion of watery saliva
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Parasympathetic effects) sweat glands
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Parasympathetic effects) adrenal glands
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Parasympathetic effects) arrector pill muscles attaches to hair follicles
No effect
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Parasympathetic effects) heart -muscle
- Decreases rate
- *slows heart
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Parasympathetic effects) heart- coronary blood vessells
No effect
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Parasympathetic effects) urinary bladder/urethra (3)
-contracts smooth muscle of bladder wall
-relaxes urethral sphincter
-promotes voiding
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Parasympathetic effects) lungs
Contricts bronchioles
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Sympathetic effects ) Eyes -iris
- -stimulates dilatory pupillae msucle
- *dilates pupils
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Sympathetic effects ) eye- ciliarymsucle
- -weakly inhibits muscle
- *flattens the lens for far vision
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Sympathetic effects ) glands
Nasal, lacrimal, gastric, pancreas (2)
-inhibits secretory activity
-constricts blood vessels supplying the glands
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Sympathetic effects ) salivary glands
-stimulates secretion of thick, viscous saliva
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Sympathetic effects ) sweat glands
Stimulates copious sweating
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Sympathetic effects ) adrenal glnds
-stimulates medulla cells to secrete epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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Sympathetic effects ) arrecotr pilli msucles
- Stimulates contraction
- *erects hairs for Goosebumps
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Sympathetic effects ) heart msucle
Increases rate and force of heartbeat
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Sympathetic effects ) heart coronary blood vessels
- Dilates blood vessels
- *vasodilation
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Sympathetic effects ) urinary bladder/urethra (3)
-relaxes smooth muscle of bladder wall
-inhibits voiding
-contracts urinal sphincter
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Sympathetic effects ) lungs
Dilates bronchioles
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ANs regulation primarily by
Hypothalamus through connections to brainstem and spinal cord
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How can cerebral cortex influence the ANS?
Through limbic system
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Parasympathetic effects on male and female orgnas
- Vasodilation
- *erection of penis and clitoris
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effect on reproductive organs that sympathetic has
- Ejaculation
- *involuntary muscle contraction
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