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Central dogma of molecular biology
DNA makes RNA which makes proteins
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Transcription
When DNA makes RNA
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Translation
When RNA makes proteins
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1 example of a modification to the central dogma
HIV(retrovirus) - can convert their RNA genome into a DNA copy via reverse transcriptase (which is an eznyme)
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What 3 things do nucleotides have
- phosphate group
- sugar
- nitrogenous base
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Difference in sugars in DNA and RNA
DNA has doxyribose sugar where RNA has just ribose sugar
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What 4 nitrogenous bases make up DNA
- Cytosine
- Thymine
- Adenine
- Guanine
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What 4 nitrogenous bases make up RNA?
- Cytosine
- Uracil
- Adenine
- Guanine
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What are the three nitrogenous bases that are pyrimidines?
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What 2 nitrogenous bases are purines?
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What do purines do
Production of RNA and DNA, proteins and starches, the regulation of enzymes and cell signaling.
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What do pyrimidines do?
Production of RNA and DNA, proteins and starches, the regulation of enzymes and cell signaling.
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What bonds link 2 sugars at the 3 prime and 5 prime carbons?
Phosphodiester Bonds
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In what direction is the sequence of bases always written?
5 prime (phosphate) to 3 prime end (hydroxyl carbon) end
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What three things are required for DNA replication?
- 1. Something to copy (a template)
- 2. Something to perform the copy (DNA polymerase)
- 3. The building blocks to make copies (nucleotides)
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What are the ends of the X's of chromosomes called?
Telomeres (have to do with aging)
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What is the first stage of the central dogma?
Transcription. DNA is transcribed into an RNA transcript
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What is the second stage of the central dogma?
RNA Processing. In eukaryotes, the RNA transcript is spliced and modified to produce mRNA, which moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
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What is the third stage of the central dogma?
mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome.
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What is the fourth stage of the central dogma?
Amino Acid activation. Each amino acid attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP.
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What is the 5th stage of central dogma?
Translation. A succession of tRNAs add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain as the mRNA moves through the ribosome, one codon at a time. (When completed the polypeptide is released from the ribosome)
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Where does mRNA transcription occur?
Within the nucleus
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Intron
is intervening DNA sequences that interrupt the sequence of a gene
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Exon
- The coding sequences that are
- expressed
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Eukaryotic pre-mRNA splicing
- •Small
- nuclear ribonucleoprotein
- particles (snRNPs)
- composed of snRNA and
- protein recognize
- and excise introns from pre-mRNA transcript, creating the final mRNA transcript
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What are the 4 sites of the ribosome
- mRNA binding site
- A site (Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site)
- P Site (Peptidyl-tRNA binding site)
- E site (Exit site)
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Summary of Gene Expression (3 main points)
- 1. An mRNA copy of a gene is produced during transcription
- 2. The mRNA is used to synthesize protein during translation
- 3. Converts the information in the genotype into the phenotype
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