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Chemorecpectors are stimulated by (2 things)
- 1) Lack of O2
- 2) Increase in CO2
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Pulmonary stimuli located in the bronchi and lungs are called what?
Stretch receptors
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How do stretch receptors work?
When over stretched or under inflated they transmit signals through the Vagus nerve to the Central Respiratory Center
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Initiated by receptors in the bronchi.
Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex
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Initiated by receptors in the alveoli
Hering-Breuer Deflation Reflex
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Hering-Breuer Inflation reflex stimulate receptors and passage of impulses via Vagus nerve to the central respiratory center and cause what?
Termination of inhalation
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Hering-Breuer Deflation reflex stimulate receptors and passage of impulses via Vagus nerve to the central respiratory center and cause what?
Accelerated breathing
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Protective reflex that is stimulated by irritation of foreign matter in the trachea or bronchi, consist of a sudden forceful expiration of air
Cough
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Moist coughs that help an animal clear mucus and other matter from the lower respiratory passages
Productive cough
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Dry cough
Nonproductive cough
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Other pulmonary reflexes
- 1) Cough
- 2) Sneeze
- 3) Yawn
- 4) Sigh
- 5) Hiccups
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Sequence of events with a cough
- 1) Liter of air is inspired in the dog.
- 2) Epiglottis closes and the vocal fold shuts tightly to entrap the air in the lungs.
- 3) Abdominal muscles contract and push against the diaphragm.
- 4) Vocal fold and epiglottis opens widely so that air under pressure explodes outwards.
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Irritation originates in the nasal passages
Sneeze
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Irritants in the trachea/bronchi result in afferent impulses passing from the respiratory passages through what nerve and to what part of the brain?
Vagus nerve to the medulla
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With a sneeze a afferent impulse passes via what nerve and to what part of the brain?
Trigeminal (5th) nerve to the medulla
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During a sneeze what is depressed?
Uvula (soft palate)
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Slow deep breath taken through a wide-open mouth
Yawn
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Yawn may be stimulated by
- 1.) Slight decrease in the oxygen level of the blood
- 2.) Boredom, drowsiness, or fatigue.
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Slightly deeper than normal breath, not accompanied by a wide-open mouth
Sigh
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Sigh may be caused by
Mild corrective action when the level of oxygen in the blood gets a little low or the carbon dioxide level gets a little high
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Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm accompanied by sudden closure of the glottis and epiglottis
Hiccup
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Hiccups can be caused by
- 1.) nerve irritation
- 2.) indigestion
- 3.) central nervous system damage
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State of decreased oxygen availability
Hypoxia
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Reduction in O2 over extended period of time requires a
Slow calculating change in respiration
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Immediate response to hypoxia
- 1) Unconsciousness
- 2) Increased respiration
- 3) Elevated pulse
- 4) Increase in cardiac output
- 5) Vomiting and nausea
- 6) Reduced RBC
- 7) Dilated pupils
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Chronic response to hypoxia
- 1) No real noted effect or dramatic change in the coronary and cerebral vessels
- 2) Fall in the Pulse Rate and Pressure
- 3)Slow decrease in the cardiac output
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Disorders of the pleural cavity
- 1)Pneumothorax
- 2)Pyothorax
- 3)Chylothorax
- 4)Neoplastic Effusion
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When air enters the pleural cavity this condition is known as..
Pneumothorax
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2 types of pneumothorax
Open and closed
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Condition caused by communication from inside the thorax and the environment. I.e. penetrating object
Open pneumothorax
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What happens during a paradoxical movement?
- 1. Air drawn into the intact lung comes first from the collapsed lung
- 2. The from the exterior, the collapsed lung becomes smaller on inspiration and enlarges on expiration.
- 3. Air expired from the intact lung goes first to the collapsed lung
- 4. Then to the exterior
- The major problem in Paradoxical Respiration is the useless pendulous air between the two lungs
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Condition caused by no communication (no open wound) from the inside to the outside
Closed pneumothorax (AKA Spontaneous pneumothorax)
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Collapsed lung becomes smaller on inspiration and enlarges on expiration
Paradoxical movement
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Pus in the thorax from foreign bodies or puncture wounds through the chest wall. The most common foreign body is the grass awn
Pyothorax
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Chyle fluid originates from the thoracic duct, which carries triglyceride-rich fluid from the intestinal lymphatics and empties into the venous system in the anterior thorax (azygous vein)
Chylothorax
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Results from mediastinal lymphoma
Neoplastic Effusion
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