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Heterotrophic
- an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth
- animals
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autotroph
- an organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions.
- plants
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which came first heterotroph or autotroph?
- heterotroph (aquatic)
- autotrophs come later
all would be classified as either archaea or eubacteria
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what was needed for terrestrial life
- Only possible after photosynthesis
- produces excess O2
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how are organisms organized
to reflect "true" evolutionary history (phylogeny)
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taxonomy... what is the most inclusive group?
domain
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taxonomy... what is the least inclusive group?
species
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what does the binomial system contain
genus + specific epithet
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homologous traits
due to shared ancestry
ex birds and reptiles have scales
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polyphyletic
includes strangers
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paraphyletic
oops we forgot "x"
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analogous traits
dolphins and fish have fins but aren't related
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monophyly
when all orgs are correctly classified
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3 domains
- eukarya
- archaea
- eubacteria
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kingdoms w/in eukarya
- plante (paraphyletic)
- fungi (paraphyletic)
- animalia (monophyletic)
- protists (paraphyletic)
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Rhodophyta
- primarily multicellular
- tropical/marine
- chlorophyll and phycobillins in chloroplasts
- no flagellated cells at any point in life cycle
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rhodophyta life cycle: gametophytes are n or 2n
n, haploid
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rhodophyta life cycle: female gametophyte produces
carpogonium w/ egg
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rhodophyta life cycle: fertilized egg develops into
carposporophyte (diploid)
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rhodophyta life cycle: released carpospores develop into
diploid tetrasporophyte
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rhodophyta life cycle: tetrasporophyte produces
haploid tetraspores
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rhodophyta life cycle: released tetraspores develop into
haploid gametophytes
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Chlorophyta
- green algae
- chlorophylls a and b
- starch stored in chloroplasts
- cell walls made of cellulose
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Chlorophyceae
- chlorophylls a and b in chloroplasts
- starch stored in chloroplasts
- cell wall made of cellulose
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Ulvophyceae
- primarily marine
- few celled to filamentous
Alternation of generations:
- 1. sporophyte: diploid
- sporangia: contain haploid spores
- 2. gametophyte: haploid
- gametangia
- gametes
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Charophyceae
- filamentous to parenchymatous
- some flagellated, others not
- haploid throughout most of life
- diploid zygote develops attached to female gametophyte
- This is the group thought to lead to plants
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Plant adaptations for land
- cuticle
- stomata
- thickened cell walls
- protected gametes
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common characteristics of land plants
- Sexual reproduction oogamous
- Chlorophylls a and b and carotenoid pigments in chloroplasts
- Starch deposited in chloroplasts
- Cellulose makes up cell walls
- Fossils date to 430 million years ago (Silurianperiod)
- Sporophyte, at least intially, dependent on gametophyte
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Hepatophyta
- Characteristics: liverworts
- thallus: only slightly differentiated tissues
- Gametophyte dominant phase of life cycle
Sexual reproduction:
- antheridiophore - antheridium: sperm
- archegoniophore - archegonium: egg
diploid zygote - sporophyte: contains haploid spores
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Bryophyta
- Characteristics: mosses
- typical of moist habitats
- can withstand complete dessication
- Gametophyte dominant phase of life
- -leafy gametophyte: rhizoids, prophylls
Sexual reproduction
- antheridia
- 1. splash cups
- 2. jacket cells
- 3. sperm
- archegonia
- 1. neck cells
- 2. venter: egg, zygote
- sporophyte
- 1. foot
- 2. seta
- 3. capsule: calyptra, operculum, peristome, spores
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- polysimphonia
- male gametophyte
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- polysimphonia
- female gametophyte
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What are the Chara sex organs?
- antheridia - male
- oogoia - female
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- gemma cup
- used for asexual reproduction
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- antherdiophore, m
- liverwort
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- moss female gaemtophyte
- archegonia
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first recognizable organisms were ___ and today would either be classified as members of eubacteria or archaea
heterotrophic
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___ is the group of green algae that may have given rise to true plants
charophyceae
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male moss plants
- produce antheridia
- are haploid
- are gametophytes
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archegonium
part of the f gametophyte of mosses
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