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Define epidemiology
the study of disease
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2 types of transmissibility, and how they're contracted
- 1)Direct: human to human (airborn/contact/fecal-oral etc)
- 2)Indirect: human to nonhuman(water born, vector born, airborn)
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define Transmissibility
Ability to be transmitted from one host to another.
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define Infection
- 1) penetration of skin or mucosal barriers by microorganism.
- 2) Growth or replication of the microorganism in or on the host.
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define Infectivity
The minimal infective dose required to allow the organism to establish a population within a host.
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define high infectivity
Only a small number of individual microbes required to establish infection within host.
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Define low infectivity
requires a large number of individual microbes to establish infection within host.
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Define disease
a detrimental change in health
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define non-infectous disease
disease is NOT caused by pathogenic microbes or acellular entities or their products.
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Define infectious disease
Disease caused by pathogenic microbes or acellular entities or their products.
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Define pathogenicity
Define pathogenicityThe ability to a microbe to cause a detrimental change in health.
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define high pathogenicity
(highly pathogenic) many/all infected hosts become diseased.
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Define low pathogenicity
- (minimally pathogenic)
- -few infected hosts become diseased.
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define no pathogenicity
- (non-oathogenic or innocuous)
- -no infected hosts become diseased. Colonization rather than infection.
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Virulence is often used interchangeably with what word outside this class
pathogenicity
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define virulence
the severity of pathogenicity
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what are virulence factors
mechanisms, substances or other microbial components that contribute to severity of disease.
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3 types of virulence factors:
- 1) invasiveness
- 2) virulence enzumes
- 3) toxins
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Define invasiveness
ability to spread from one tissue to another, e.g. infection spreads from skin to blood to brain.
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Define Invasiveness
ability to spread from one tissue to another.
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define
Virulence Enzymes
microbial enzymes with detrimental effects on body functions.
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define
Toxins
small molecules that cause a variety of detrimental effects on the body.
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What are the percentages for how or low pathogenicity
- High: 70%
- Low pathogenicity=30%
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define OUTBREAK:
Occurrence of a health-related event in excess of the normal level or baseline for a population.
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define EPIDEMIC:
Occurrence of a health-related event in excess of the normal expectancy or pattern for a population.
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what 2 things are true about epidemics from the slides:
- 1) epidemica always involve outbreaks
- 2) outbreaks aren't always epidemics
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define PANDEMIC:
Spread of an epidemic to several countries (often worldwide), affecting many people.
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What are 3 differences between outbreaks and epidemics
- 1) Epidemics are in excess of the normal pattern.
- 2) outbreaks are in excess of the normal baseline.
- 3) Epidemics always involve outbreaks, but outbreaks aren't always epidemics.
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Endemic
permanence of disease in a defined geographic area or population group.
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-disease is always present
-disease happens constantly in regular intervals
-disease is always present and happens constantly
These are descriptions of an
endemic
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define RESERVOIR:
Organism or location where the pathogen is commonly found.
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which is the Reservoir:
Rats infected with Yersinia pestis do not develop disease. Humans infected develop plague.
Bats infected with Rabies Virus do not develop disease. Humans develop rabies.
Rats and bats
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hospital acquired MRSA Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus only infects humans, and humans are the source. What's the reservoir
Humans duh.
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