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Neolithic
Period characterized by development of farming, sedentism, and new stone tool technologies
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Chalcolithic
Period characterized by stone and copper-working technology for implements, tools and ornaments
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Halaf
Early Chalcolithic culture related to expanding farming and population, characterized by circular buildings, painted pottery, and female figurines
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Ubaid
Widespread Chalcolithic culture in Mesopotamia, characterized by irrigation agriculture and the beginnings of ranked society
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Uruk
Late Chalcolithic culture characterized by urban communities, specialized production and administration, literacy and politics
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Bronze Age
Period characterized by the presence of copper-tin alloy (bronze) meltalworking for tools and weapons
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Looting
Illicit removal of antiquities from archaeological sites or museums for sale on the black market
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Uluburun shipwreck
Bronze Age ship that sank off the coast of Turkey, illuminates the intensity and richness of regional trade in Late Bronze Age
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Semitic
Afro-Asiatic family of languages spoken across Southwest Asia and northeast Africa
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Akkadian
Semitic language from Mesopotamia, spoken mostly by Assyrians and Babylonians
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Elamite
Language of Elamite state that reached height in late bronze age used for inscriptions
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Sumerian
- Language from lower Mesopotamia in 4th and 2nd millennia
- Unrelated to any known language
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Hurrian
Language spoken by Hurrians, orginatedin Caucasus region
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Hittite
One of the earliest Indo-European languages
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