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if parent gives med to child, must you be in the room to observe?
yes
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how do you administer med to an infant?
small amount in formula or cereal/fruit, give via spoon or syringe
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when do you administer med to an infant if their going to get fed?
before feeding
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when must meds be administered within prescribed time?
1/2 hour before or 1/2 after prescribed time
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what 3 things must be labeled on childs med?
childs name, name of drug, and dose
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must all children have a wrist band?
yes
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how many identification sources needed when giving meds?
2
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what is BSA calculating method used in?
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what is the most accurate way to calculate meds?
BSA
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at what weight are adult dosages used in children?
50 kg or more
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What are the six rights to medication?
- right med
- right dose
- right patient
- right route
- right time
- right approach
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when does renal function increase to adult level?
1-2 years
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In relation to elimination, what is reduced at birth?
glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
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Since newborn enzymatic microsomal system is less effective and liver maturation varies, what is affected?
metabolism
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Why do drugs to treat neonatal sepsis penetrate the brain and drugs can accumulate in the brain tissue?
immature blood-brain barrier
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why does neonates have a high potential for toxicity?
fetal albumin has limited drug binding ability
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Protein concentration at birth is what percentage of adult values?
80%
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Do drug books have different dosing for the neonates, infants, and children regarding Digoxin?
Yes
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Do neonates have a higher or lower portion of body fat?
lower-lower doses of lipophilic drugs
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Do neonates have a higher or lower proportion of total body water?
higher-(related to solubility of drug)
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Give some examples of absorption of drugs?
- rectal
- intramuscular
- topical/dermal - related to skin hydration
- intraocular - thin membrane can cause systemic effects
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Is bile acid and biliary function diminished or increased in neonates?
diminished
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What is decreased in neonates and increased in older infant and children?
intestinal motility (transit time)
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Is the pH high or low in neonates?
high
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what is how drug produces physiologic and biochemical changes?
pharmacokinetics
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What does pharmacokinetics consist of?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination
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