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jmali921
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Evolutionary theories suggest that ______ & ________ processes underlie human behaviour
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how many chromosome pairs inside a cell?
23
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________ inheritance: when many genes influence a trait
polygenic
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______ _______ regulate gene expression by signalling some genes to "turn on" and other to "turn off"
epigenetic markers
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Nativism
- Unique genetic traits manifest in all members of the species
- regardless of small differences in their environments
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Ethology
- genetically determined survival behaviours
- assumed to have evolved through natural selection
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"genetic influence when relations are more similar than those who are unrelated"
Behaviour Genetics
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Sociobiology
- Genes that aid group survival
- best chance for groups
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Psychoanalytic theorists:
Developmental change happens because ________ and _______ affect behaviour
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Behaviour is determined by both the conscious and the unconscious behaviour.
Sigmund Freud
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3 parts of Freud's Psychosexual Theory
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weaknesses with psychoanalytic theories
- hard to test and measure
- overemphasis on sexual feeling
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5 strengths of psychoanalytic theories
- focus on emotional quality of earliest relationship with caregivers
- emphasize that child's needs change with age and family interaction
- provide concepts such as: Id, ego, superego
- invented psychotherapy
- emphasize development into adulthood
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The Humanistic alternative: The most important internal drive is _______________
self-actualization
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Strengths with the humanistic alternative
inherent optimism- never too late to overcome early conditioning or resolve dilemmas if motivated
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extinction
decrease in behaviour after repeated non-reinforcement
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Learning theory
experiences in the environment shape the child
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Shaping
learn a complex of behaviours through reinforcement of intermediate steps
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Strengths of cognitive theories
- emphasize mental aspects of development
- such as logic and memory
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4 stages of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
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Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory:
Assimilation
new experiences fit into existing schemes
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Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory:
Accommodation
schemes must be modified as a consequence of new experience
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Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory:
Equilibrium
a balance between assimilation and accommodation
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Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory:
disequilibrium
Exists when more accommodation is occurring than assimilation
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Describe the information-processing theory
use the computer as a model of human thinking
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Broffenbrenner's biological systems theory explains:
development in terms of the relationship among individuals and their environments
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developed the Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky
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Developed the cognitive-developmental theory
Piaget
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The main idea:
Psychoanalytic
adult behaviour and feelings, including psychological problems, stem from our childhood experiences
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Main idea:
Humanistic theory
Emphasized the basic goodness of human beings; each individual has an inborn drive for personal growth and achieving self-actualization
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