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Chapter II Psychology
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Evolutionary theories suggest that ______ & ________ processes underlie human behaviour
genetic
physiological
how many chromosome pairs inside a cell?
23
________ inheritance: when many genes influence a trait
polygenic
______ _______ regulate gene expression by signalling some genes to "turn on" and other to "turn off"
epigenetic markers
Nativism
Unique genetic traits manifest in all members of the species
regardless of small differences in their environments
Ethology
genetically determined survival behaviours
assumed to have evolved through natural selection
"genetic influence when relations are more similar than those who are unrelated"
Behaviour Genetics
Sociobiology
Genes that aid group survival
best chance for groups
Psychoanalytic theorists:
Developmental change happens because ________ and _______ affect behaviour
internal drives
emotions
Behaviour is determined by both the conscious and the unconscious behaviour.
Sigmund Freud
3 parts of Freud's Psychosexual Theory
Id
Ego
Superego
weaknesses with psychoanalytic theories
hard to test and measure
overemphasis on sexual feeling
5 strengths of psychoanalytic theories
focus on emotional quality of earliest relationship with caregivers
emphasize that child's needs change with age and family interaction
provide concepts such as
: Id, ego, superego
invented psychotherapy
emphasize development into adulthood
The Humanistic alternative: The most important internal drive is _______________
self-actualization
Strengths with the humanistic alternative
inherent optimism- never too late to overcome early conditioning or resolve dilemmas if motivated
extinction
decrease in behaviour after repeated non-reinforcement
Learning theory
experiences in the environment shape the child
Shaping
learn a complex of behaviours through reinforcement of intermediate steps
Strengths of cognitive theories
emphasize mental aspects of development
such as logic and memory
4 stages of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory:
Assimilation
new experiences fit into existing schemes
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory:
Accommodation
schemes must be modified as a consequence of new experience
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory:
Equilibrium
a balance between assimilation and accommodation
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory:
disequilibrium
Exists when more accommodation is occurring than assimilation
Describe the information-processing theory
use the computer as a model of human thinking
Broffenbrenner's biological systems theory explains:
development in terms of the relationship among individuals and their environments
developed the Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky
Developed the cognitive-developmental theory
Piaget
The main idea:
Psychoanalytic
adult behaviour and feelings, including psychological problems, stem from our childhood experiences
Main idea:
Humanistic theory
Emphasized the basic goodness of human beings; each individual has an inborn drive for personal growth and achieving self-actualization
Author
jmali921
ID
295501
Card Set
Chapter II Psychology
Description
chapter II of lifespan development
Updated
2/11/2015, 7:59:39 AM
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