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What type of study is classified as non-experimental or observational design? Aims to capture naturally occurring variations in the features of the phenomenon being studied.
Descriptive research
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What are the elements, features, or characteristics of persons, experiences, situations, or things studied in descriptive research called
variables
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What are healthcare providers interested in regarding variables?
- Level in various populations
- How they change over time
- How they affect one another
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What is the term for measurement methods that consistently yields values close to the actual values
Reliability
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What do researchers call it when a measurement method captures a high degree the totality of a variable of interest
Valid
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What is the difference in readings caused by the difference in measurement technique called?
measurement error
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What is the accurate capture of underlying concept
Validity
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What three things suggest that Data is trustworthy
- Appropriate choice of measurement instruments
- Proven Measurement Instruments
- Sound data collection procedures
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What are variables that may have influence in the situation but are outside the interest of study
Extraneous Variables
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What do researchers use to minimize the effect of participation in a study by considering the order in which the data are collected and/or by giving equal attention to all groups whom data are collected
Hawthorne Effect
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What is an interval with defined endpoints between which the means of many other samples are likely to lie
confidence interval
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What does the confidence interval capture
The true population mean
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What is random selection
Everyone has an equal opportunity to be chosen
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What is a sample that is randomly selected from a list of population members
simple random sampling
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What sampling type is used when the researcher wants to get data from subgroups of the population that are small and might not be present in sufficient numbers in a simple, random sample (STRATAS)
Stratified Random Sampling
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What type of sampling is used when the target population is large and spread out and the researcher needs to concentrate data collections in a few locations
Cluster sampling
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What type of sampling consists of an assumed population that is defined by demographic, disease, functional, symptom, or wellness characteristic (accessible to researcher)
Convenience sampling
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Steps of convenience sampling
- Assumed population
- Presumed to be assumed
- Conduct sample
- Develop detailed profile of charecteristics
- Statistical Inferences and generalizations
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What two things could the target population be
- actual population (random)
- projected population (convenience)
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What types of factors are taken into consideration when selecting sample size in a quantitative study
- type of study
- number of the variable
- Statistics used
- How much variability
- Difference in comparison groups expected
- Resources available for study
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Describe 3 issues that occur with surveys
- Failure to obtain sample from target
- Unclear questionaires to those taking survey
- Low response rate (not representative)
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What is the most common way descriptive study reports the results
percentages
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When would the mean verse the median be applied when reporting average scores in descriptive study results
- Mean: when numbers are close together
- Median: When there are outliers (skewed)
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What is the probability that the difference in the means being compared is just chance variation
p value
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What are truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline
Credibility
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What is Accountability as judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader from the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings
Auditability
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What is faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants, described in enough detail so that others in the discipline can evaluate the importance for their own practice, research, and theory development
Fittingness
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What are findings that reflect implementation of credibility, autditability, and fittingness standards
Confirmability
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Name the four criterias of judging scientific rigor
- Credibility
- Auditability
- Fittingness
- Confirmability
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Name 4 types of quantitative research
- Descriptive
- Correlational
- Quasi-experimental
- Experimental
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What type of quantitative research looks at the relationship between 2 or more variables
Correlational
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What type of quantitative research is less controlled by researcher, samples are not randomly selected, and examines cause and effect relationship
Quasi-experimental
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What type of quantitative research is highly controlled, objective, systematic, measures independent and dependent variables, and looks at cause and effect relationship
Experimental
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Name 3 characteristics of Experimental research
- Controlled manipulation of at least 1 independent variable
- Uses experimental and control groups
- Random assignments
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What type of research seeks to solve real problems in clinical practice?
Applied
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What type of reasoning is essential to rigor in quantitative research
logical
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What two types of research have natural settings
correlational and descriptive
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What is an area of concern needing research for nursing practice
research problem
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What comes from the research problem and identifies a specific goal or aim in the study
Research purpose
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What 3 things is included in the research purpose
- Variables
- Population
- Setting
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What is the purpose of literacy review
understanding what knowledge exists to make changes in practice
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What is the abstract, theoretical basis for a study that enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing body of knowledge
Study Framework
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What is an integrated set of defined concepts and relational statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict, or control phenomenon
Theory
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What are concepts that are measured, manipulated, or controlled in a study
variables
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Example of concrete verse abstract variables
- concrete: weight, temperature
- abstract: creativity, empathy
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Statements taken for granted or are considered true
assumptions
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What type of limitations restricted the generalization of the findings and are reflected in the framework and definitions
Theoretical
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What type of limitations restrict the population to which the findings can be generalized
Methodological
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What maximizes control over factors that could interfere with the study's desired outcome (directs selection of population, sampling methods of measure, plans for data collection, and analysis) BLUEPRINT
Research Design
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What are all elements that meet certain criteria in study
population
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Where is data collection described on research article
under "procedures"
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What part of the research article interprets data findings in meaningful manner, forms conclusions, and considers implications for nursing practice
Research outcome
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What describes findings after data is analyzed in the research article
Results
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What reduces, organizes, and gives meaning to DATA
Data analysis
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