Sensation and perception chapter 2 .txt

Home > Preview

The flashcards below were created by user Johnemt on FreezingBlue Flashcards.


  1. What is a visible illumination that is a type of electromagnetic radiation that corresponds with a small slice of wavelengths in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum?
    Light
  2. What is the spatial pattern that varies in brightness and color? These light rays enter our eyes from different locations and allows us to perceive a scene. This is the first step in the visual process in your eyes.
    The Optic Array
  3. What is the trade off between lateral vision and the human’s field of view?
    Lateral vision has a more narrow range of high resolution depth processing.
  4. What is acuity?
    A measure of how clearly fine detail is seen.
  5. What are the extra ocular muscles?
    • Superior/inferior rectus
    • Medial/lateral Rectus
    • Inferior/superior Oblique
  6. How does the extra-ocular muscles work?
    • in tandem.
    • in synch with each other.
  7. What is the optic axis?
    the imaginary diameter line from the front of the eye to the back through the center of the lens.
  8. What are the three membranes of the eye?
    • Sclera
    • Choroid
    • Retina
  9. Which membrane of the eye is tough and protective, where the visible portion is white?
    Outer layer; Sclera
  10. Which membrane of the eye lines the interior of the sclera and contains most of the blood vessels?
    Middle Layer; Choroid
  11. Which membrane layer is made up of neurons and includes the sensory receptors for light?
    Inner; retina
  12. where does the light enter the eye? and what happens?
    • Cornea
    • Light is refracted to the retina
  13. What is the donut shaped muscle that controls the amount of light that enters through the cornea pass the pupil to the retina?
    The iris
  14. What are the three chambers of the eye?
    • Anterior Chamber
    • Posterior chamber
    • Vitreous Chamber
  15. Which chamber of the eye contains Aqueous humor(clear fluid)?
    Posterior chamber
  16. Which chamber of the eye contains Vitreous humor(gel like fluid)?
    Vitreous Chamber.
  17. What is intraocular pressure?
    pressure within he eye that prevents the eyes from collapsing.
  18. What part of the eye ensures that light is properly focused on the retina?
    The lens!
  19. What is the focal Length?
    • How well the lens can refract light. (see slide in chapter 2 for more detail)
    • Weak lens = poor refraction with long focal length
    • Strong lens = sharp fraction of light and has short focal length
  20. What are Zonule Fibers?
    Fibers that connect the lens to the choroid.
  21. What are the tiny muscles connected to the choroid?
    Ciliary muscles
  22. how do the ciliary muscles work?
    • When relaxed the lens is thing
    • when contracted allows for thicker lens
  23. Which part of the human eye transforms images into neural signals which are sent to high visual processing?
    The retina
  24. Which photoreceptor provides black and white vision in dim light?
    Rods
  25. Which Photoreceptor provides high-acuity color vision in bright light?
    Cones
  26. Which cells receive signals from and send signals to photoreceptors and other _____ Cells?
    horizontal cells.
  27. Which cells receive signals from photoreceptors and sends signals to amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells?
    Bipolar Cells
  28. Which cells receive signals from bipolar cells and amacrin cells then sends action potentials to the brain via the optic nerve?
    Retinal Ganglion Cells
  29. Which photoreceptor is more sensitive to low levels of light, has poor acuity and best to see dim light?
    Rods
  30. What is the molecule called that has the ability to absorb light and initiate transduction?
    photopigment
  31. What are the two possible shapes of photopigments?
    • 11-cis
    • all trans
    • these are also known as isomers?(not sure about this one)
  32. what is photoisomerization?
    • change in the photopigment’s shape
    • 11-cis to all-trans
  33. what is photopigment regeneration?
    all trans to 11-cis
  34. What is the operating range of RGC’s (retinal ganglion cells) on a bright sunny day?
    10 to the 10th power - 10 to the 13th power
  35. what is the process of adjusting retinal sensitivity bright to dark?
    dark adaption
  36. What is the property of retinal circuits in which multiple photoreceptors send signals to one RGC?
    CONVERGENCE
  37. What is Strabismus?
    • when two yes are not aligned with each other
    • cross eyed
    • causes double image and impairs binocular depth perception
  38. What is Amblyopia?
    • Both eyes develop normally
    • neural signals from one eye are not processed properly
    • Fine vision canon develop in the affect eye.
  39. what is myopia?
    • the optic axis is too long
    • prevents thinning of the lens to focus light from a distant object
    • near sighted
  40. what is hyperopia?
    • optic axis is short
    • cannot make lens thick
    • can see distant objects, but not close
  41. What is cataracts?
    • progressive clouding of the lens
    • can lead to blindness
    • caused by: ultraviolet exposure and side effect of diabetes
    • tx: replacement of the lens
  42. What is glaucoma?
    • intraocular pressure is too high
    • blockage of the openings for the aqueous humor to drain from anterior chamber
  43. what is macular degeneration?
    • damage to the photoreceptors in the center of the retina
    • causes vision loss
  44. What are the two types of macular degeneration?
    • dry- cells degenerate in the pigment of epithelium
    • Wet- new blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid

Card Set Information

Author:
 Johnemt
ID:
 296468
Filename:
 Sensation and perception chapter 2 .txt
Updated:
2015-02-22 07:43:27
Tags:
sensation chapter perception
Folders:
sensation and perception
Description:
chapter 2!
Show Answers:

What would you like to do?

Home > Flashcards > Print Preview