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What is psychology?
- The study of human and animal behavior and mental processes both normal and
- abnormal
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What is nature?
- innate, genetic, biological, physical
- ex. Family history of diseases or disorders
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What is nurture?
- environment, learned
- ex. Family environment- living with one parent,
- parent suffers from addiction
- Social economic status
- rban vs. suburban neighborhood, big city vs
- small town
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Why do we study psychology?
- Psychology attempts to: describe, explain/understand, predict
- other people’s behaviors and actions, control (optimize)
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What is development?
systematic changes/progressions and continuities that occur in an individual from conception to death (womb to tomb)
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What are the 3 domains?
- 1. Physical
- 2. Cognitive
- 3. Psychosocial
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What is physical?
- growth, path of growth, weight
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What is cognitive?
- thought process
- How we develop or logical ability
- How we perform in school
- How we perform in relationships
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What is psychosocial?
your personality
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What did Charles Darwin contribute to psych?
- 1. Survival of the fittest (natural selection)
- 2. Ideas of Evolution
- Evolve as psychological beings
- Baby Biographies
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What are baby biographies?
Noticing a pattern with development such as, first step, first word being said
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What is the con of baby biographies?
Not generalizable since it is an individual case study
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What 2 things did G. Stanley Hall(1890) contribute to psychology?
- 1. Made an experiment with baby biographies with a group of people, he built off of Darwin’s baby biographies so they canbe generalized
- 2. First president of the APA (American Psychological Association)
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What are the 9 age grades?
1. Prenatal- Conception-Birth
2. Infancy(Toddlerhood)- Birth-2 years
3. Preschool/ Early Childhood- 2-5 years
4. Middle Childhood/School age- 5-10 year
5. Adolescence- 10-18 years
6. Emerging Adulthood- 18-25 years
7. Young Adulthood- 25-40 years
8. Middle Adulthood- 40-65 years
9. Late Adulthood/Mature- 65+ years
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What is the age range of the prenatal age grade?
conception to birth
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What is the age range for the infancy age grade?
birth to 2 years
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What is the age range of the early childhood age grade?
2 to 5 years
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What is the age range for the middle childhood age grade?
5 to 10 years
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What is the age range of the adolescence age grade?
10 to 18 years
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What is the age range for the emerging adulthood age grade?
18-25 years
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What is the age range for the young adulthood age grade?
25 to 40 years
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What is the age range for the middle adulthood age grade?
40 to 65 years
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What is the age range for the late adulthood age grade?
65+
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What are age norms?
the expectation on where we should be (expected) based on our society, family,culture says is acceptable
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What are the 7 modern lifespan developments?
- 1. Lifelong
- 2. Multidirectional
- 3. Gains and losses
- 4. Plasticity
- 5. Historical
- 6. Influences
- 7. Disciplines
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What is meant by lifelong in the modern lifespan
developments?
development is a lifelong progress
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What is the meant by multidirectional in the modern lifespan developments?
development can increase, plateau, decrease and go backwards (based on setbacks in lifesuch as divorce
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What is meant by gain and losses in the modern lifespan developments?
- for everything we gain there is something we lose
- ex. Baby learning to talk they lose the baby words they used to says
- ex. Gain reasoning and lose creativity
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What is meant by plasticity in the modern lifespan developments?
- remolding based on our environment
- Ex. A major change in our self-such as moving to a different place
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What is meant by historical in the modern lifespan developments?
psychology is a constantly changing type of science
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What is a cohort?
people in the same generation and age group
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What is meant by influences in the modern lifespan developments?
- multiple forces (Nature vs. Nurture)
- Our environment influences who we are as an individual also what we are innate with
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What are meant by disciplines in the modern lifespan developments?
- that there are different perspectives of psychology
- Looking at every different perspectives before making a final decision
- Getting the full picture
- Helps us become nonbiased
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What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?
- 1. State your hypothesis
- 2. Set up operational definitions
- 3. Gather information
- 4. Analyze/Test/ Form conclusions
- 5. Revise the variables
- 6. Publish findings
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What are the 4 different types of ways to gather information?
- 1. Verbal reports
- 2. Case studies
- 3. Observation
- 4. Physiological Reports
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What are verbal reports & there cons?
- interviews, surveys
- can be biased questions
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What is a case study and there pros and cons?
- A case study is a study on a single individual
- Pro: gains a lot of information on an individual and how to treat them specifically
- Con: Cannot generalize other people
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What is an observational study?
Anything in a controlled setting
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What are the two types of observational studies?
- 1. Structured
- 2. Naturalistic
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What is the pros and cons of a structured observational study?
- Pro: able to control situation
- Con: Can be biased
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What are the pros and cons of a naturalistic observational study?
- People don't know they are being watched
- Pro: Cannot be manipulated and biased
- Con: hard to gather enough information, what point does it cross the line
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What are physiological reports and there pros and cons?
- EKG- Heart monitor
- Pro: don't lie and cannot be biased
- Con: Expensive and not everyone has access to it
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What is debriefing?
Tell the people in the experiments what you were looking for, who had the Independent variable, they are allowed to ask questions
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What experiment did Stanley Milgram do?
- • The shocking experiment
- • Obedience to authority
- • Removal of responsibility
- • Removal of proximity
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What is conscious?
the part we are aware of
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What is the subconscious?
Thedesires, wants, fear, that drives what happens in the conscious mind
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what are the ways we can access the subconscious?
- • Altered states of consciousness
- Hypnosis
- Drugs/alcohol•
- Catharsis-when we spill our guts, release of emotion, stream of conscious
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What is the ID?
pleasure principle, selfish side, just wants our needs met immediately not caring who gets hurt along the way
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What is the superego?
morality principle, selfless, wants everyone else’s needs met before them
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What is the Ego?
reality principle, the mediator
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What is psychodynamic?
mind moving, changing, conflicting, seeking sexual pleasure and avoiding pain
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What are the 5 psychosexual stages of Freud?
- 1. Oral (birth-18 months)
- 2. Anal (18 months-3 years)
- 3. Phallic (3 years- 6 years)
- 4. Latent (6 years- Puberty)
- 5. Genital (active puberty)
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What happens in the oral stage?
- a. Putting everything in our mouth: Toys, pacifiers, bottles
- ex. Over/undergratfied- develop fixation later in life, Chewing on pens, sucking thumbs, always having something in their mouth after this stage
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When does a fiaxation occur?
Occurs when we are under gratified or over gratified
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What happens in the Anal Stage?
- Potty Training
- Overgratefied: anal retentive-Forced to be in control too soon, perfectionist
- UnderGratefied: anal exulsive- messy
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What happens in the Phallic stage?
- a. Realizing what they have, curiosity, exploring stage
- b. First feeling of sexuality
- i. Electra Complex- Girls fall in love with Daddy
- ii. Oedipus Complex- Boys fall in love with mommy
- c. Under gratified- Boys don’t have mom, girls don’t have dad
- i. Gender Identity
- ii. Fixation- disruption in future romantic relationships, promiscuous, no respect for women, players
- d. Over gratified- Too connected
- e. Fixation- relying too much on the other person in relationships
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What happens in the latent stages?
- a. Sexual energy is at rest
- i. Girls bond with mommy (modeling), friends are girls
- ii. Boys bond with daddy (modeling), friends are boys
- b. Under gratified- Missing the same sex parent
- i. Fixation- Girls become masculine, boys become feminine
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What happens in the genital stage?
- a. When all the stages comes together
- b. Able to make the choice to be a better person
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