-
Benefits of public speaking
p.148
- 1. Helps in your studies; prepares for working
- 2. Provide advantages for the job market
- 3.Develops a wider range of abilities
- 4. Enables you to fulfill your responsibilities and privileges as a member of various groups.
- 5. Engage in civic life and social life
- 6. Can be used to market a business
-
Characteristics employers look for
- 1. Intellectual humility
- 2. Emotional intelligence
-
7 steps of the Process of Public Speaking (a model for speech preparation)
p.149
(UBDCPPP) Policeman
- 1. Understand assignment & identify purpose
- 2. Brainstorming a subject & select your topic
- 3. Developing your thesis
- 4. Conducting your research
- 5. Preparing outlines & visual aids
- 6. Practicing your speech
- 7. Presenting your speech
-
General purposes of a speech
p.151 (3)
- 1. Special Occasions - to entertain, inspire, or celebrate
- 2. Informing
- 3. Persuading
-
Special occasion speeches
p.151
Speeches that recognize a person, place, or event
-
Informative speeches
p.151
Speeches that instruct or assist the audience in gaining understanding
-
Persuasive speeches
p.151
- Speeches that stimulate an audience to: 1. reaffirm/alter beliefs
- 2. encourage new behaviors
- 3. continue past behaviors
-
Specific purpose statement in relation to its specific topic
p.152
-
Informative - What do I want my audience to learn
Persuasive - What do I want my audience to believe or behave like
-
What does the Specific Purpose Statement allow you to do?
p.152
- 1. focus on what you want your audience to gain from your presentation
- 2. reminds you that public speaking is an interaction between the speaker and the audience.
-
Descriptors used to draft your specific purpose statement
p.152
- Special Occasion Speeches - celebrate, recognize, remember, enjoy, reflect on
- Informative - Understand, learn, know, comprehend, explain, (teacher)
- Persuasive - believe, agree, begin to, choose to, (advocate)
-
Example of a specific purpose statement. (persuasive)
p.153
I want my audience to agree that there are three reasons why marijuana should not be legal.
-
Example of a specific purpose statement. (informative)
p.153
I want my audience to understand three reasons why marijuana is not good for you.
-
Example of a specific purpose statement. (special occasion)
p.153
I want my audience to celebrate the victory of Melanie's fight to survive cancer.
-
Whenever you prepare a speech you should do 2 things
Prepare formally so you can act personally
-
What is Brainstorming?
p.150
- 1. Allows you to let ideas flow without evaluating them
- 2. to generate many possible ideas
- 3. to discover subjects and topics as well as main ideas for your presentation
-
Thesis statement
p.150
- Summarizes the essence of your speech in a single, declarative sentence
- 1. Speech's central idea
- 2. The theme to be developed
- 3. Proposition to be proven
- ----that flows from the speech
-
Guidelines to identify several subject areas through Brainstorming
p.153
- 1. Write down possible subjects or topics
- --use categories to jump-start the process.
- ex. people, places, events, movies, books,
- 2. Fill 2 or 3 pages with ideas-don't eliminate any possible ideas
- 3. Circle a subject that has possibilities; move on
- 4. Keep your list in case you need to consider other possibilities
-
Perspectives to selecting a speech subject
p.158-159 (4) (SOAP)
- 1. Audience Perspective - most important
- - includes demographics and psychological profiles
- 2. Personal perspective - considers my knowledge, attitudes, interests, experiences, & beliefs
- 3. Situational perspective - context of my speech. Time, occasion, place, & size
- 4. Organizational perspective - is my speech for an organization - be sensitive to the subject chosen
- Practical perspective - how much time to speak, research, prepare the speech
- research, and am I interested in the subject
-
Audience Perspective includes:
p.155,156
A. Audience Perspective - 1. group's demographics and psychological profiles.
1. Demographics-age,gender,ethnicity, education, physical ability level, group membership.
2.. Learning styles; feelers, watchers, thinkers, doers
B. Psychological profiles - Audience attitudes, beliefs, values, needs, and learning styles
-
Audience continuum
p.155
- Analyzing your audience is essential to choosing your topic and to preparing and presenting your speech.
- demographics, psychological profiles, learning styles & type of audience
-
Formula to frame a general topic to one or more purposes
p.160
1. Special occasion speech: I want my audience to laugh at ways we use to get along with college roommates.
2. Informative speech: I want my audience to understand how to get along with a college roommate.
- 3. Persuasive speech: I want my audience to begin to use known ways to get along with college roommates. (to actuate)
- OR
- Persuasive speech: I want my audience to agree with me that the known ways to get along with college roommates are useful strategies. (to convince)
-
Research
use credible articles, journals, peer reviews, books, interviews
-
Oral citations
p. 191
- 1. Cite sources as you speak to enhance your credibility
- 2. Give sufficient information to clearly identify your sourcer and establish the credibility of your source
- Ex: "According to Dr. Arnold Speckler, a practicing physician and Associate Professor at Mayo Clinic..."
- Ex: A recent article in Contemporary Education, a journal published by Indiana State Univ, asserts that ..."
-
Paraphrase vs a quote
Paraphrasing - your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
Quote - word for word attributed to the original author
-
Planning Outline
p.174
- A rough collection of ideas and supporting material
- 1. Write your topic, purpose, and thesis clearly at the top of page
- 2. Start thinking about main ideas and how the research you have already completed fits in with these ideas
-
Speech outlines (4)
p.174-179
- Planning Outline
- Working Outline
- Presentation Outlines
-
Working Outline
p.174
- !. Essential to an effective speech!
- 1. A formal, typewritten outline that clearly identifies an introduction, body, and conclusion along with the required portions in each section
- 2. A blueprint for my speech
- 3. Provides structure and the detail for what I will say
-
Presentation Outline
p.179
- Help you stay on track containing cue words and phrases for recall
- 1. key words or phrases
- 2. letters large enough to read at glance
- 3. sequentially numbered note cards, not paper
-
Cover page content...
(icn) p.151 (5)
- 1. General Purpose: Ex: Types of Chocolate (special occasion, informing, persuading
- 2. Specific Purpose statement: I want my audience to ______(celebrate, understand, agree)
- 3. Thesis statement: Ex: The various types of chocolate have various ingredients and nutritional values, and they are used for different reasons.
- 4. Type of Informative Speech: _____
- 5. Pattern of Organization: ____
-
Patterns of Organization (8)
p. 179 (CCSSTPMR)
- Chronological Pattern
- Spatial Pattern
- Topical
- Problem-Solution
- Cause-Effect
- Motivated sequence
- Refutative
- State-the-case-and-prove it
-
Chronological Speech Pattern
p.179
Arranges ideas according to time
Ex: contemporary country music and then explain how it is similar to and different from the country music of the early days of the Grand Ole Opry
-
Spatial Speech Pattern
p.179
Top to bottom, east to west, front to back, or side to side
-
Topical or Categorical Speech Pattern
p.180
- Topics or categories that relate to a main theme.
- Ex: Steps to driving a car
-
Problem-Solution Speech Pattern
p.180
Describes a problem and then offers potential solutions
-
Cause-Effect Speech Pattern
p.180
Identifies how a certain set of conditions brings about a particular result.
-
Motivated Sequence Speech Pattern
p.181 Table 9.1 (5 steps)
- Speech design that motivates people to act
- Has 5 steps of how:
- 1. Attention - "I want to listen"
- 2. Need - Showing the need: describing the problem
- 3. Satisfaction - Satisfying the need: presenting the solution
- 4. Visualization - Picturing the results
- 5. Action - Requesting action or approval
-
Refutative Speech Pattern
p.181
- 1. Presents the arguments that oppose the speaker's proposition or claim
- 2. Show how they are fallacious, inadequate, inconsistent, or deficient
-
State-the-Case-and-Prove-It Speech Pattern
p.181
The speaker sets forth a proposition or claim and then proves it systematically by offering evidence and reason to support the arguments
-
Speech Introduction is made up of these characteristics.
p.182 (5)
- (Vital to convey your first impressions)
- 1. capture attention
- 2. state your topic clearly in the thesis
- 3. give a reason to listen
- 4. establish credibility
- 5. offer a preview of your main points
-
Introduction outline looks like this:
p.176
(6)
- Attention Getter: ___________
- Link Topic to Audience:_________
- (Ex: Point: Today I want to)
- Credibility - Your Research: _________
- Specific Purpose Statement: I want you to...
- Thesis: _____ one sentence
- Preview of the 3 main points to be discussed in speech body
- A.
- B.
- C.
-
Body of a speech outline looks like this:
p.176
Consists of main points, transitions, supporting materials.
- I. Main Point _______________
- A. sub-point
- 1. sub-sub point (quote, citation)
- 2. sub-sub point (application, example)
- a. sub-sub-sub point
- b. sub-sub-sub point (personal example)
- B. sub-point
- 1. sub-sub point (quote, citation)
- 2. sub-sub point (application, example) a. sub-sub-sub point
- b. sub-sub-sub point (personal ex)
Transition Sentence: "Now that I've talked about ____________, I'll talk about _____."
- I. Main Point _____________
- A. sub-point
- 1. sub-sub point (quote, citation)
- 2. sub-sub point (application, example) a. sub-sub-sub point
- b. sub-sub-sub point (personal ex) B. sub-point
- 1. sub-point (quote, citation)
- 2. sub-point (application, example) a. sub-sub-sub point b. sub-sub-sub point (personal ex)
- C. sub-point
- 1. sub-point (quote, citation) 2. sub-point (application, example) a. sub-sub-sub point b. sub-sub-sub point (personal ex)
Transition Sentence: "Now that I've talked about ____________, I'll talk about _____."
- III. Main Point___________
- (choose style I or II)
-
The conclusion looks like this:
p.187
I. Brakelight: To conclude my speech...
- Summary of 3 Main Points discussed in the body
- A.
- B.
- C.
II. Final Point _____________
-
Enumerated preview
p.184
- Previews what is ahead in the upcoming main point.
- Ex: "Not only do persons with AIDS face economic difficulties, but they also must deal with social ostracism."
-
Body's 3 main points
p.182
1. Main points - primary ideas for the audience to remember. Should be simple, independent sentences.
To prevent complication, break into sub-points, in some cases, divide them into additional main points.
- 2. Transitions
- 3. Supporting material
-
Transitions vs. Signposts
p.183 Table 9.2
- Transitions - provide important markers that ensure your listeners follow you as you proceed.
- Signposts - Alert your listeners to important ideas by verbally pointing to them, much like street signs; typically one or two words.
- Ex: the first question is...
- Mark this idea!
- Hold on to that thought
- Don't forget...
- This is important!
-
Brakelight examples that help you move into your conclusion
p.186
- To conclude my speech today...
- To wrap up my presentation ...let me review
- In my presentation I explained...second, I discussed...third, I gave you details about...
-
Gathering supporting materials
Types of Supporting Materials are...(5)
p.187-188
- Facts
- Statistics
- Testimony
- Examples
Narratives - tells a story rather than relate incidents
-
Presentation Aids/Types/Use
p.192
- Ask yourself - will the visual aid help the audience understand and remember my speech?
- charts/graphs; text charts; tables; drawings; maps; audio/video clips; power point
- 1. As you begin your speech, focus the audience on you, not your visual aid
- 2. Use it to clarify an important idea
- 3. Use only the visual aids you truly need
-
You can deliver your speech in 1 of 4 ways
p.196
(memi)
- impromptu
- extemporaneous - - keyword outline
- manuscript - word for word
- memorized
-
Impromptu Speaking
p.196
presentation you can give in the moment, without prior planning or practice.
Have a clear purpose, identify main ideas, and use your experience to provide supporting information.
-
Extemporaneous Speaking
p.197
- 1. Most popular delivery method
- 2. Planned presentations that are delivered using a keyword outline that helps the speaker deliver his or her prepared comments.
- 3. Allows you to
- a. Engage your audience,
- b. Remain flexible,
- c. Adapt to your audience.
-
Speaking from a Manuscript
p. 197
Read you presentation word for word
-
Speaking from Memory
p. 197
- 1. Time consuming
- 2. If you forget a part of the speech, you are likely to be faced with disaster
- 3. You are liable to recite rather than speak with your audience - negatively impacts effective delivery
-
Delivery speech types (4)
p. 196,197 (memi)
- Impromptu
- Extemporaneous
- Speaking from a Manuscript
- Memory
-
Rehearsing a speech
(icn)
- mirror
- with someone
- using your aids
-
Elements of effective delivery
p.197,198
- 1. Using your voice effectively - breathing, volume, rate, pitch, clarity
- 2. Using your face effectively - eye contact
- 3. Using your body effectively - gestures, posture, movement
- 4. Use of notes
- 5. Use of presentation aids
-
Speech delivery "weakeners"
(icn)
- hands in pockets
- no eye contact
- restless/pacing floor
- word detractors - um, a, like
-
Ways to reduce apprehension before a speech, "stage fright"
p.201 Table
- 1. Explanation. Identify the fear, you can then face it realistically
- 2. Rationalization. Give yourself positive thoughts
- 3. Relaxation. hold and release muscles- exercise
- 4. Visualize a successful speech
- 5. Education. Read books, attend speech classes
- 6. Redirect your energy...
- a. Use the energy to help you deliver your speech more effectively
- b. Reframe your response from anxiety to anticipation and look forward to the event
-
What to remember when using presentation aids
p.194-196
- 1. Remember to use them
- 2. Keep focus
- 3. Know how to explain them
- 4. Let audience "digest"
- 5. Have Plan B & C
-
What is an informative speech?
p. 212
Speaker shares information rather than attempting to sway listeners' attitudes or actions.
-
Types of speeches that focus
p. 213
- informative.
- focus on objects, processes, concepts, people, or events
-
Types of Informative speeches that focus on purpose
p.213-215
- Speech of Explanation - explains & typically helps the audience understand an idea, concept, or process. Ex: a lecture
- Topic: The history of educating the deaf in the U.S.
- Specific Purpose: I want my audience to understand the history of the development of deaf education in the U.S.
- Thesis: The hisotry of deaf education in the U.S. was most influenced by educational thought and legal developments.
- Main Points:
- I. In early U.S. history, many educators espoused oralism
- II. Later, Gallaudet, along with other educators, argue...
- III. In more recent time, legal developments have impacted deaf education in the U.S.
- Speech of Definition - focuses on helping your audience understand what a concept, process, or event means
- Ex: Topic: Understanding the significance of homecoming
- Specific Purpose: I want my audience to understand the significance of homecoming
- Thesis: Homecoming is a time for reunion, rejoicing, and reaffirmation
- Main Points:
- I. Our university homecoming is a time of reunion...
- II. Our university homecoming is a time of rejoicing...
- III. Our university homecoming is a time of reaffirmation...
- Speech of Demonstaration - Typically concentrates on a process
- Explains how something is done; shows with visual aids and movement
- Speech of Description - To paint a picture. Rely on mental pictures created by pictorial language; used with speeches that focus on objects, events, and people
- Briefings - a short presentation in an organizational setting that focuses on a process, event, or person
-
Guidelines of being an effective speaker (6)
p.220-222
(CCARE GI)
- Be clear
- Accurate
- Relevant
- Creative
- Generate Interest
- Ethical
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