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The flashcards below were created by user
michaelirby98
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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What is Energy and its major forms?
- A force that can accomplish work
- 2 major forms are potential and kinetic energy
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Potential Energy
- Energy of position
- ie. Chemical energy in bonds
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Kinetic Energy
- Energy of Motion
- ie. Mechanical Energy
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Metabolism
- Sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism
- Anabolism and Catabolism
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Anabolism
- Biosynthesis reactions: Building
- Endergonic: requires energy
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Catabolism
- Degradative reaction: Breaking down
- Exergonic: Releases Energy
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3 Factors that affects chemical reactions
- Law of mass action
- Activation energy
- Enzymes
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Law of Mass Action
- Used for balance
- Forward reaction
- Increase reactant -> Increase Product
- Higher [product] slows down the production
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Activation Energy
- Min amount of energy required for reactants to overcome activation energy
- Barrier -> transition -> product
- Sources: Collision from other molecules
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Enzymes (Structure and Function)
- Structure: Protein based, substrate specific
- Function: Reduces activation energy, speeds up reactions, does not get used up in reaction or change
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Lock and Key mechanism
- Substrate fits enzyme like kay in lock
- After binding, enzyme conformational change for a better fit
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types of enzymes
- Simple enzymes: Proteins with catalytic activity
- Holoenzymes: Conjugated enzymes
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Components of a Holoenzyme
- Protein portion: Apoenzyme
- Non Protein portion: Cofactor Inorganic ion (zinc, iron, magnesium) Coenzyme Organic molecule (Vitamin derivatives- NAD+ NADP+)
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6 factors including enzymatic activity
- Enzymes catalytic rate
- Substrate concentration
- Enzyme Concentration
- Affinity
- Temp
- pH
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two types of enzyme regulation
- Allosteric regulation
- Inhibitors
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Allosteric Regulators
- Modulators weakly binds to allosteric site
- Change shape of enzyme
- May inhibit or enhance
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Two types of Inhibitors
- Competitive: Chemicals that bind to active site (penicillin)
- Non-Competitive: Chemicals that bind to allosteric site or cofactors (cyanine)
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Redox Reaction
- Electrons transferred from one molecule to another
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons
- Reduction: Gain of electrons
OIL RIG
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Electron carriers
- NADH and FADH2
- Accept electrons during chemical reactions
- Drop them off at the ETC
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Energy currency of cells
- Stores energy to high energy bonds
- When bonds are broken, energy is released
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Carbohydrate catabolism
- Oxidizing carbohydrates (Glucose)
- Energy can be obtained
- Respiration and Fermentation
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Types of Respiration
- Aerobic: using 02
- Anaerobic: Not using 02 (not fermentation)
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Aerobic Respiration
- Electrons released by oxidation are passed down an electron transport system to an oxygen election acceptor
- Glucose+Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
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Steps in Aerobic Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Transition Reaction
- Krebs cycle
- Electron Transport chain
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Glycolysis (Purpose, Location, End Products)
- Splits(oxidizes) glucose into 2 pyruvic acid
- Location: Cytoplasm
- Costs: 2 ATP
- End Products: 2 pyruvic acids, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (Net 2)
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Transition Reaction (Purpose, Location, End Products)
- Connects glycolysis to the kreb cycle
- Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid in to aceytl co enzyme A.
- Location: Mitochondrial matrix
- End Products: 2 C02, 2 Acetyl Co-A, 2 NADH (x2)
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Krebs Cycle
- A series of chemical reaction that begin with oxaloacteic acid pairing with Acetyl Co-A to make citrate (x2)
- Location: Mitochondrial Matrix
- End Products: 2 ATP, 4CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2
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