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With immunodeficiency, defects can occur at _________ to result in lack of entire lineages, or they may occur along ________, resulting in loss of only one arm of the immune response.
stem cells/ precursors; maturation pathways
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Primary immunodeficiency is due to __________.
genetic defects
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Secondary immunodeficiency may be due to... (4)
FTPI, in-utero infections, infectious disease, other (cancer,nutrition, stress)
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Newborns are born with __________ immune systems.
formed but unused
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Dogs and cats have a(n) ___________ placenta, so they have _____ absorption of Ig in utero.
endotheliochorial; some
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Ruminants have a(n) ___________ placenta, so they have _____ absorption of Ig across the placenta in utero.
syndemochorial; no
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Horses and pigs have a(n) ____________ placenta, so there is _____ absorption of Ig across the placenta in utero.
epitheliochorial; no
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During colostral absorption, antibody binds to specific ________ on __________.
Fc receptors; enterocytes
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In ruminant milk, ______ is in the highest concentration.
IgG
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In non-ruminant milk, _____ is in the highest concentration.
IgA
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Relative amounts of IgG is greatest in _________, less in __________, and least in _________.
colostrum; serum; milk
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Colostrum is responsible for ____________; milk is responsible for _____________.
systemic immunity; GI immunity
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Maternal antibody interferes with ____________.
vaccine induction of immunity
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The immune system reaches maturity at ___________ of age.
6-12 months
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As the immune system matures, there is expansion of __________, a shift in _________ (more ____), an increased ability to ___________, and a shift in the cytokine profile from ________ to ________.
lymphocyte numbers; lymphocyte subsets; CD8 T cells; respond to cytokines; IL-10 dominance; IFNγ dominance
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With maturation of the immune system, there are increasing concentrations of ________ in serum and mucosal surfaces.
immunoglobulins
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Infection of BVDV early after conception results in __________.
abortion
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Infection with BVDV in early gestational development results in....
calves born with tolerance and persistent infection.
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Infection with BVDV later in gestational development results in ____________.
fetal malformation
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Calves infected with BVDV in early gestational development that are later exposed to a cytopathic strain of BVDV will develop _____________.
mucosal disease
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Infection with BVDV in late gestation results in ___________.
normal calves
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Calves exposed to ncp BVDV after birth do not induce ________ and develop __________.
IFN; classic viral diarrhea
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Although MHC is lacking on embryos and oocytes, _________ is expressed on fetal trophoblasts that lodge within the uterine wall.
paternal MHC
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In utero, there may be nonpolymorphic recognition by ________.
NK cells
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Pregnancy is often unaffected by infection because of a strong ________ and _______ response in the uterus during pregnancy.
Th2 mediated; IL-10 suppressive
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During pregnancy, infections that stimulate _______ often result in fetal compromise or loss.
Th1
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Immunologic change that occur during pregnancy include: blocking maternal ________, trophoblasts secrete IDO, which blocks ______, and the fetus secretes ___________.
Abs; Th1; immunosuppressive factors
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Older animals have stronger _______, but they may have slower or reduced ______________.
memory responses; responses to new Ag
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7 causes of secondary immunodeficiency.
age, medical immunosuppression, virus-induced immunodeficiency, cancer, stress, malnutrition, genetic zinc disorders
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Viruses may cause secondary immunodeficiency by... (3)
killing, infecting lymphocytes or destroying lymphoid tissue, induing lymphoid neoplasia
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Cancer is know to cause secondary immunodeficiency by ______________.
reducing lymphocyte responses
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________ is reduced in patients with malnutrition and cachexia; it is an immunostimulant.
Leptin
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________ and __________, which may be reduced with malnutrition, are required for lymphocyte development and function.
Minerals and vitamins (ESPECIALLY ZINC)
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Primary immunodeficiencies are _________ due to _________.
heritable disorders; genetic defects
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Animals with primary immunodeficiency may present with... (3)
chronic recurrent infections, infection at multiple body sites, infection with pathogens that don't normally cause disease
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Primary immunodeficiency may affect... (5)
stem cell development, lymphocyte lineage development/proliferation, production of Ig, phagocyte development/maturation, complement molecule production
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Defects in innate immunity lead to increased risk of _________.
bacterial infections
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Defects in T cell function causes increased risk of ____________.
viral infections
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Defects in B cell function leads to increased risk of ________________________.
bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is a defect in the ____________________, which is seen in ___(2)___.
adhesion molecule CD18; dogs and cattle
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LAD results in loss of _______ function that impairs _________ binding to capillary beds; it also impairs C3b mediated __________, __________, and __________.
integrin; neutrophil; opsonization; respiratory burst; T cell migration
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CLAD occurs in ________, and BLAD occurs in _________.
Irish setters; Holsteins
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Without CD18, there is no expression of _______.
CD11b
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Primary immunodeficiency characterized by dilute color of hair, skin, and eyes.
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome affects ________________ and causes decreased ___(3)___ of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macs, CTLs, and pigmented cells.
lysosomal membrane fusion; chemotaxis, motility, and killing
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Pelger Huet anomaly is a __________ defect that causes ____________.
laminin B; granulocyte hyposegmentation
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Canine cyclic hematopoiesis is associated with cyclical _________ and __________ with... (2)
neutropenia; thrombocytopenia; recurrent infections and cyclical homorrhage
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Trapped neutrophil syndrome occurs in _________ [breed] and causes a failure to release neutrophils from the __________.
Border collies; BM
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Complement deficiency is seen in __(2)__[breeds] and results in ______________.
Brittany spaniels and yorkshire pigs; membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
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The two main versions of canine SCID: defect in ____________, which plays a key role in _______________; mutation in the common chain of _________, resulting in failure of cells to be able to respond to __________.
DNA-dependent protein kinase; TCR and BCR rearrangement; cytokine receptors; cytokines
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Equine SCID, seen primarily in ___________, is a defect in _______________, resulting in failure to produce _____________.
Arabians; DNA-dependent protein kinase; functional T and B cells
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What are the 3 criteria for diagnosis of equine SCID (you need 2/3)?
lymphocyte count <1000/μL, hypoplasia of primary and secondary lymphoid organs, absence of IgM before nursing
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With selective IgA deficiency, there are normal numbers of IgA producing cells, but the defect is in...
the synthesis or secretion of IgA
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Clinically, selective IgA deficiency is associated with... (4)
pyoderma, atopy, anal furunculosis (GSD), and SI bacterial overgrowth
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