Immuno- Immunodeficiency.txt

With immunodeficiency, defects can occur at _________ to result in lack of entire lineages, or they may occur along ________, resulting in loss of only one arm of the immune response.

Primary immunodeficiency is due to __________.

Secondary immunodeficiency may be due to... (4)

Newborns are born with __________ immune systems.

Dogs and cats have a(n) ___________ placenta, so they have _____ absorption of Ig in utero.

Ruminants have a(n) ___________ placenta, so they have _____ absorption of Ig across the placenta in utero.

Horses and pigs have a(n) ____________ placenta, so there is _____ absorption of Ig across the placenta in utero.

During colostral absorption, antibody binds to specific ________ on __________.

In ruminant milk, ______ is in the highest concentration.

In non-ruminant milk, _____ is in the highest concentration.

Relative amounts of IgG is greatest in _________, less in __________, and least in _________.

Colostrum is responsible for ____________; milk is responsible for _____________.

Maternal antibody interferes with ____________.

The immune system reaches maturity at ___________ of age.

As the immune system matures, there is expansion of __________, a shift in _________ (more ____), an increased ability to ___________, and a shift in the cytokine profile from ________ to ________.

With maturation of the immune system, there are increasing concentrations of ________ in serum and mucosal surfaces.

Infection of BVDV early after conception results in __________.

Infection with BVDV in early gestational development results in....

Infection with BVDV later in gestational development results in ____________.

Calves infected with BVDV in early gestational development that are later exposed to a cytopathic strain of BVDV will develop _____________.

Infection with BVDV in late gestation results in ___________.

Calves exposed to ncp BVDV after birth do not induce ________ and develop __________.

Although MHC is lacking on embryos and oocytes, _________ is expressed on fetal trophoblasts that lodge within the uterine wall.

In utero, there may be nonpolymorphic recognition by ________.

Pregnancy is often unaffected by infection because of a strong ________ and _______ response in the uterus during pregnancy.

During pregnancy, infections that stimulate _______ often result in fetal compromise or loss.

Immunologic change that occur during pregnancy include: blocking maternal ________, trophoblasts secrete IDO, which blocks ______, and the fetus secretes ___________.

Older animals have stronger _______, but they may have slower or reduced ______________.

7 causes of secondary immunodeficiency.

Viruses may cause secondary immunodeficiency by... (3)

Cancer is know to cause secondary immunodeficiency by ______________.

________ is reduced in patients with malnutrition and cachexia; it is an immunostimulant.

________ and __________, which may be reduced with malnutrition, are required for lymphocyte development and function.

Primary immunodeficiencies are _________ due to _________.

Animals with primary immunodeficiency may present with... (3)

Primary immunodeficiency may affect... (5)

Defects in innate immunity lead to increased risk of _________.

Defects in T cell function causes increased risk of ____________.

Defects in B cell function leads to increased risk of ________________________.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is a defect in the ____________________, which is seen in ___(2)___.

LAD results in loss of _______ function that impairs _________ binding to capillary beds; it also impairs C3b mediated __________, __________, and __________.

CLAD occurs in ________, and BLAD occurs in _________.

Without CD18, there is no expression of _______.

Primary immunodeficiency characterized by dilute color of hair, skin, and eyes.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome affects ________________ and causes decreased ___(3)___ of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macs, CTLs, and pigmented cells.

Pelger Huet anomaly is a __________ defect that causes ____________.

Canine cyclic hematopoiesis is associated with cyclical _________ and __________ with... (2)

Trapped neutrophil syndrome occurs in _________ [breed] and causes a failure to release neutrophils from the __________.

Complement deficiency is seen in __(2)__[breeds] and results in ______________.

The two main versions of canine SCID: defect in ____________, which plays a key role in _______________; mutation in the common chain of _________, resulting in failure of cells to be able to respond to __________.

Equine SCID, seen primarily in ___________, is a defect in _______________, resulting in failure to produce _____________.

What are the 3 criteria for diagnosis of equine SCID (you need 2/3)?

With selective IgA deficiency, there are normal numbers of IgA producing cells, but the defect is in...

Clinically, selective IgA deficiency is associated with... (4)