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With both endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification, the first tissue to be formed is ____________.
woven bone
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Both endochondral and intramembranous ossification can lead to the formation of ___________ or ___________.
cortical/compact; cancenllous/trabecular
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Endochondral ossification functions in the formation of the _______________.
appendicular skeleton
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With endochondral ossification, the _________ is sequentially ________ and ___________.
hyaline cartilage model (anlage); resorbed; replaced with bone
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Endochondral ossification results in bone growing __________ and ___________.
outward and longitudinally
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Epiphyseal cartilage removal during endochondral ossification results in the __________.
secondary center of ossification
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During endochondral ossification, after mineralization, _________ and __________ take place,
angiogenesis; resorption
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Endochondral ossification of the physeal cartilage take place b/w the...
primary and secondary centers of ossification
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What are the 5 zones during endochondral ossification?
resting zone, proliferation zone, maturation/hypertrophy zone, calcification zone, ossification zone
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What zone is closest to the joint surface/ epiphysis in endochondral ossification?
resting zone
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Which zone is moving into the diaphysis during endochondral ossification?
zone of ossification
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The endochondral ossification zone with small, inactive mesenchymal stem cells that divide and give rise to chondrocytes/blasts.
resting zone
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The endochondral ossification zone that has columns of chondroblasts that are quickly dividing and pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis.
proliferation zone
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What endochondral ossification zone is responsible for lengthening of bone?
proliferation zone
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The growth plate is b/w the _________ and _________.
epiphysis; metaphysis
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The endochondral ossification zone where chondrocytes mature and enlarge.
maturation/hypertrophic zone
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The endochondral ossification zone where the cartilaginous matrix calcifies to resemble trabeculae and chondrocytes die.
calcification zone
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The endochondral ossification zone where osteoclasts degrade cartilage and osteoblasts form actual trabecular bone.
ossification zone
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What is the key difference b/w endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification?
intramembranous ossification does not utilize a cartilage intermediate
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Intramembranous ossification involves condensation and differentiation of ______________.
mesenchymal stem cells
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_____________ is circumferential bone growth.
Intramembranous ossification
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Appositional bone growth occurs by...
direct deposition of bone at the periosteal surface.
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While bone is being deposited on the periosteal surface during intramembranous ossification, bone is being _________ at the __________ surface in order to...
resorbed; endosteal; increase the size of the marrow cavity.
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4 steps of bone remodeling.
1. activation 2. resorption 3. reversal 4. formation
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Bone remodeling occurs at the bone surface without...
traumatic injury (normal everyday wear and tear)
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The basic multicellular unit/ bone multicellular unit is composed of...
osteoblast + osteoclast
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In trabecular bone remodeling, the BMU is located ____________.
on the surface
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During trabecular bone remodeling, the BMU on the surface is covered by a canopy of ___________ with...
mesenchymal cell origin; osteoclasts resorbing bone.
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During remodeling of cortical bone, the BMU consists of...
cutting zone led by osteoclasts.
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The resultant space of the cutting zone during remodeling of cortical bone is filled by... (3)
blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
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Basophilic lines seen between lamellae that represent reversal points of remodeling.
cement lines
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______ was added on top of the cement line.
New bone
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Modeling is only seen in ________________.
immature,growing animals
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During bone modeling, formation ___ resorption, and there is _________ and __________ growth.
>>; longitudinal; appositional
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Modeling involves changes in bone ______ and _______.
size; shape
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At skeletal maturity, formation ___ resorption.
=
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4 things that drive remodeling.
mechanical loading, systemic and local hormones, trauma, microfractures
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What is Wolff's law?
bone remodels according to the forces acting upon it
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Bone deformation occurs due to...
piezo-electric currents, loading and unloading, and induction of osteoclast activity
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Loading stimulates ____________.
net formation.
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Unloading stimulates ______________.
bone resorption
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Restoration of optimal bone structure depends on _____________ and a _____________.
anatomic alignment; return to functional activity
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