Physio Chapter 5

• 1. sensory
• 2. integration
• 3. Motor

It takes the stimuli information and processes it to determine a proper response

PNS: it includes  the skeletal muscles (voluntary)

True

CNS

PNS

• CNS: they help maintain environment
• creates the BBB: regulates what molecules go into the brain from the bloodstream

CNS: lines hollow spaces of brain and spinal cord

CNS: phagocytes of CNS

• Hindbrain
• 

• 1. PIA mater
• 2. arachnoid layer
• 3. Duramater

decision making, executive functioning, impulse control?

primary motor cortex: plans out the muscles that require any movement.

potential of the brain to rewire and adjust to things

Left

language producton area

For understanding language

Corpus callosum

an "electrical storm" when parts of the brain receives electrical activity that shouldn't happen.

When seizures make areas of the brain more prone to further seizures

carries info FROM the CNS to effector organs

These organs are muscles or glands that carry out the orders in the efferent division

Carries infomation to the CNS from external and internal stimulus

a commisure that connects the left and right hemisphere for communication

Fear processing

• 1. epithalamus
• 2. thalamus
• 3. hypothalams

Epithalamus: melatonin

epithalamus

Thalamus

• 1. autonomic control: resp, HR, BP, temp
•  - Drives: thirst, hunger, sex
• 2. emotion: pleasure, rage, anger
• 3. Endocrine mediator

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Below the thalamus

In midbrain: visual reflexes (saccades)

Looking from point to point

Midbrain: auditory reflexes

Midbrain: has neurons that release dopamine at the base nuclei

Substantia nigra: here neuron cells die

It has respiratory centers

Core central for breathing, BP, emesis, coughing and sneezing.

Hypothalamus and medulla

• anterior cingulate cortex (acc)
• amygdala
• hypothalamus
• insula
• Hippocampus

Hippocampus

Reticular activating system (RAS)

• wave forms that corresponds to the state of awareness
• It does not measure pinpoint signals in the brain, but general areas

• 1. Alpha waves: 7-13Hz awake and relaxed
• 2. Beta waves: >13hz from relaed to paying attention suddenly
• 3. Theta waves: found when sleep 3-7.5haz
• 4. Delta waves: Deep sleep
• **when an awake adult is found in 3 & 4, something is wrong**

Front: impulse control. Process is not done until age 18

slow-wave: delta

False: during non-REM sleep

Starting non-REM sleep. REM sleep occurs 30-60 mins after sleeping starts

True

• 1. EEG looks awake (beta waves)
• 2. Increased temp, HR
• 3. "paradoxical sleep"
• 4. skeletal muscles are paralyzed
• 5. where most dreams ocur
• 6. spontaneous erections

Short term -> consolidation -> Long-term memory

Hippocampus: It is the processes of stabilizing a memory trace after the initial acquisition. It may perhaps be thought of part of the process of encoding or of storage

• It goes from long-term memory, back to short-term memory, and then gets reconsolidated. 
• During reconsolidation, it can be modified

when someone is tested and have the probable chance of giving the right answer, even though they think they don't know it.

PNS: somatic and autonomic division

• PNS (motor division): 
• a. precentral gyrus
• b. cerebellum
• c. deeper basal nuclei

Pyramidal Tracts

A disorder with involuntary movements of the face and jaw, affeting the pyramidal tracts (axons in the precentral gyrus)

Skeletal muscles: a neuron that starts in the CNS and has a single axon that travels all the way to the target muscle

ACh: nicotinic cholinergic receptors

False: the atonomic always has 2 neurons: from CNS to target

Autonomic division in the PNS

• "Rest and Digest":
• 1. contains 1 LONG neuron into a SHORT neuron
• 2. 2nd neuron releases ACh, the target has muscarinic cholinergic receptors
• 3. starts the salivary glands
• 4. Here the heart will start to return to resting

• "Fight or flight":
• 1. Contains 1 SHORT neuron into a LONG neuron
• 2. 2nd neuron typically releases NE or EPI (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
• 3. It triggers the adrenal gland, dealing with hormones in the body
• 4. Here the heart will speed up

It constricts the overdialated blood vessels to return BP  to normal and start heart flow again

• a. sweat glands
• b. smooth muscles in blood vessels (vaso motor)

• smooth muscle: smooth muscl is onnected by gap junctions (electrically connected), so if one gets innervated, the neighboring cells also get excited.
•  - When the autonomic motor neuron releases NTs across multiple smooth muscles are innervated

It translates stimulus into electrical signals for your nervous system to understand

• Interoreceptors (inside the body)
• Extero receptors (receptors that detect stimulus outside of the body)

• subsets of the mechanoreceptors:
• a. joint angle receptors
• b. muscle stretch receptors (the muscle spindles)
• c. tendon tension
• *these monitor irregularities in our body

pain receptors do not have adaptation like thermo or mechano receptors do

• Thermoreceptors
• chemoreceptors
• photoreceptors
• nociceptor
• mechanoreceptor

• 1. Free or naked dendritic ending (for temp. and pain)
• 2. encapsulated receptor (for touch pressure)
• *They are all connective tissue capsules (in deeper tissue than the epidermis

True

True; pns; efferent

• 1. sensory
• 2. motor
• 3. interneuron

Integrates peripheral information to peripheral responses: for example, on receiving info through the afferent nerons when touching a hot object, interneurons signal efferent neurons that transmit to your hand and arm  muscle to pull it away

• Glial cells: 
• communicate with neurons and among themselves through chemical signals
• main function helps support neurons both physically and metabolically
• homeostatically maintain the composition of the specialized extracellular environment surrounding the neurons

• i. oligodendrocytes: these form the insulative myeline sheaths around the axons in the CNS
• ii. schwann cells: form the myelin forming cells in the PNS

• contra: pertaining to the other side. 
• ipsi: sam side

• 1. CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses
• 2. it then flows through the 4 interconnected ventricles. 
• 3. it escapes from the 4th ventricle at the base of the brain
• 4. From the 4th ventricle, it flows into the subarachnoid space between the meningial layers
• 5. It is finally reabsorbed from the subarachnoid space into the venous blood through the arachnoid villi.

• 1. occipital lobe: located in the back of the head, carries out the initial processing of visual input
• 2. temporal lobe: where auditory sensation is intially received
• 3. parietal lobe: primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory inut
• 4. frontal lobe: responsible for 3 main functions:
•  i. voluntary motor activity
•  ii. speaking ability
•  iii. elaboration of thought

• a region located at the base of the brain composed of 4 clusters or nerve cells. 
• responsible for body movement and coordination (motor control)

• inhibitin muscle tone throughout the body
• selecting and maintaining purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement

in the basal nuclei: it s a gradual destruction of neurons that release NT: dopamine in the basal nuclei

It is the site for initial cortical processing and preception of both somethetic and proprioceptive input

• somasthetic: sensations from the surface of the body
• proprioception: awareness of body position

this confers voluntary control over movement produced by skeletal muscles

• 1. Prefrontal: this part of the brain "brainstorms"
•  - planning for voluntary activity
•  - decision making
•  - creativity
•  - personality traits
•  - sites of oeration of working memoryy
•  2. PTO association: this lies in the interface for the 3 lobes
•  - it pools and integrates somatic, auditory, and visua sensations provided by the 3 lobes
•  - enables to get the "complete picture"
• 3. limbic association cortex

• a sensory relay station and is important in motor control
•  - the thalamus screens out insignificant signals and routes the important sensory imulses to appropriate areas of the somatosensory cortex
•  - it plays a role in motor by positively reinforcing voluntary behavior initiated by the cortex

pituitary gland

it is a collection of specific nucleii and associated fibers. It lies beneath the thalamus

• Regulates many homeostatic functions:
• 1. controls thirst and urine output
• 2. body tomp
• 3. food intake
• 4. plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns
• 5. participates in the sleep-wake cycle

Pineal gland

True

The brain's left and right side function the same way.

Connected to motor areas

Keeps the brain bouyant, giving it cushioni.