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Growth.
Ways to measure growth? (2)
Long Bones by measuring the growth plates.
Teeth; a pattern of dentation gives prediction of health.
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What is meant by:
Cephalocaudal (growth)?
Proximodistal
Define the above.
Grow in a "Head to tail" fashion.
Fine motor skills from Center outward.
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When does growth & development occur (as we suspect)?
Growth within the first 20 years.
Development happens across the lifetime.
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Explain Freud briefly (body parts*)
Id, ego, superego, libido.
At what time does the superego develop and complete?
- Introduced the unconsious mind and the defense mechanism.
- Coined:
- id-seeking immediate gratification.
- Ego-realistic; balancing wants vs socially acceptable.
- Superego-perfection, desire towards.
Libido: psychosexual 5 stages of dev.
Superego: starts @preschool age and ends @preschool age.
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What is Freud's 1st stage of development?
What is Erikson's 1st stage of development?
What is Piaget's 1st stage of development?
Freud's: Oral stage (0 - 1 year) Pleasure is focused on oral activities: feeding and sucking.
Erikson: (0 - 1.5 y) Trust vs Mistrust: When the infant’s needs are consistently met, the infant develops this sense of trust.
Piaget: (0 - 2 y) Sensori-motor
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Explain Erikson and his 8 stages of psychosocial development.
(You don't skip a stage but can be stuck or regress, or partially accomplished before moving on to the next)
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy VS Shame&Doubt
- Initiative VS Guilt
- Industry VS Inferiority
- Identity VS Role Confusion
- Intimacy VS Isolation
- Generativity VS Stagnation
- Integrity VS Despair
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Jean Piaget: Theory of COG. Dev.
4 stages and ages
What stage/age deals w/ wanting to "know more about the world?"
Sensori motor (~2yo): learning thru motor & reflex actions.
- Preop (2-4yo): Egocentric
- Intuitive (4-7yo) thought phase: reasoning, wanting to know about the world; *focusing on one item @ a time.
Concrete (8-10yo): abstract thinking and judgement.
Formal (11-15yo): hypothetical & deductive/rational reasoning.
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Kohlberg: Theory of MORAL dev.
Ladder of Moral Dev.
Explain the 3 stages (progresses upwards)
-young children, school-age, adulthood
Progression of 3 stages:
Bottom: Young children obtain personal rewards and avoid punishment.
Middle: School-aged model morals of family & peer group.
Top: Adults value principles more internally; less influence from outside authority.
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Growth&Dev.
Milesones: Infant (0-1 years)
What are some Growth & Dev. concerns by 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months (i.e., what should infants be able to do @ that age?)
0-12:
- Growth concerns:
- 6 months: should have double birth wt.
- 12 mos: should have tripled birth wt.
- Dev. concerns:
- 4 mos: fix & follow, smile
- 8 mos: sit w/o help.
- 10 mos: pincher grasp and crawl.
- 12 mos: stand w/o support; "mama" "dada"
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Growth&Dev:
Milestones: Toddlers (1-3 years)
Growth concerns by: age 2
Development concerns: (language) age 2, 3
What is the toddler's favorite word?
What should not be taken away from the toddler?
Key concept for toddlers: psychosocial?
- Growth concerns:
- 2 years: quadruple (x4 birth wt.)
- Dev. concerns:
- 13 mos.: walk
- Parallel play
- 2 years: 2-word phrases
- 3 years: short sentences
- Favorite word: NO
- Significant objects should not be taken away such as a favorite towel, toy.
Attain a sense of autonomy and to experience separation and individuation.
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Growth&Dev:
Milestones: Preschool (3-6 yo)
Growth concerns
Dev. concerns: how do they usually learn?
What is the preschooler's favorite word?
- Growth concerns:
- Minimal average growth: 1.5 kg/yr & 4 cm/year.
- Dev. concerns:
- Fine motor coordination.
- Dramatic or imaginative play, magical thinking
Favorite word: Why?
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Growth&Dev:
Milestones: School-age (6-12 yo)
Growth concerns
Psychosocial stage? (Erikson)
What is the preschooler's favorite word?
Growth: linear growth; girls > boys.
Psychosocial stage: Initiative VS Guilt.
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Growth&Dev:
Milestones: Adolescence (12-18 yo)
Growth concerns
Psychosocial stage?
Growth: puberty (sexual maturity)
Psychosocial stage: Identity VS Role Strain.
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Growth&Dev: Adult
Young (18-25yo)
Middle (25-65yo)
Older (65+)
(blank)
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Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) & Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
What is the nursing role?
Both characterized by inappropriate behaviors causing inattention; both neurological.
boys > girls (school age)
May be inherited (25% chance)
- What may cause the disorder?
- alcohol
- premature
- head injury
- lead exposure
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism
Asperger's
Childhood Disintegrative
Rett's
Risk factors?
What is the nursing role?
Social, emotional, and communication problems.
- Risk factors:
- Fragile X (x-linked mutation)
- Alcohol
- Advanced parental age
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What is the key to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
*early recognition is key
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Cerebral Palsy.
What is the nursing role?
Often a result of an insult to the brain.
Cause developmental delays in the fetus.
Usually < 2 yo.
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Failure to Thrive (FTT)
What is it?
Usually effects which age groups?
What is the nursing role?
Failure to thrive (FTT) is a term used to describe inadequate growth in infants and children
Effects usually infant and young children.
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