Psych Test 2E: Life Development

changes over the life span

nature vs. nurture

continuity vs. stages

stability vs. chnage

genetics vs. environment


Both: Interactionist approach

Continuity: Constantly changing and growing

Stages: stages you hit and develop (periods of intense change)

Both: interactionist approach-- there are periods of stages, but you're always growing

Stability: Same person you were before;; you've been stable

Change: drastic change; subject to change due to traumatic experiences

Both: you mature but have remnants of your childhood (stability); stable personality, ut your environment changes aspects of you

interactionist approach

Biopsychosocial model gained popularity

Biological factors: genetic, etc

psychological: learning, thinking, etc

Social: family, school, etc

• There are three approaches
• 1) cross-sectional
• 2) longitudinal 
• 3) Cross-sequential

Cross-sectional: different groups at the same time to identify differences

Problem: cohort efect= generation that you're born into impacts your development

Take a group and follow them over a long period of time; one group multiple times to identify changes

• Problems:
• 1) morality effect: participants exit in some way/ death, withdraw, etc.
• 2) testing effect: long term memory leads people to put answers down that you want to hear
• 3) history effect: something happens in society that impacts your study

take multiple groups and bring all of the groups back

it is largely invisible and consists of ideals, values, and assumptions that are widely shared among a given gorup and that guide specific behaviors

things such as political affiliation, sexual orientation, gender, age, exucation, money, parenting styles, and peers

ethnotheory

• Germinal Stage of Prenatal Development: 14 days
• - the zygote duplicates into many cells= last two weeks

• Embryonic Stage of Prenatal Development
• - Day 15- 6 weeks

basic blueprints form: organs and limbs form

teratogens are most harmful during this period: substance enters the body that negatively impacts the baby

• Fetal Stage of Prenatal Development
• - Beginning of month three-->birth

Things really starting to take shape and come together

external substances taht invade the womb and cause birth defects

There are of concern in the embryonic stage because it is the critical period--a developmental epoch in which certain developmental changes must occur, or they never will

Stress, alcohol, drugs, radiation, etc. 

Fetal alcohol syndrome: leads to intellectual disabilities and cleft lip

Vision: baby's vision is terrible; they love looking at faces

Hearing: not good; neurons not developed enough

Taste and Smell: very good

Touch: they feel pain, temp, and pressure; good sense

unlearned responses

Rooting: trying to root for things in their environment

Sucking: knows how to suc already

grasping: natural inclination to grasp

brain damage

disappear after the first year; if they don't go away, there is an issue

adolescent egocentrism: your POV is the only one that exists

occurs when adolescents fail to differentiate between what others are thinking and their own thoughts

Personal fable: you do risky things because "it can never happen to you" and "you're not a statistic."; uniqueness about you that makes you untouched to harm

Imaginary audience: believe everything people are thinking is about you

His research was working with WWII orphans

Found: higher levels of depression and suicide, difficulty with relationships, self- esteem, social and emotional disturbances; mental disorders

Motherless Monkey Experiment

Explored two hypotheses about what leads infants to develop attachments to their mothers: the experience of being fed or the warm, conforting contact the baby gets from the mother

Results: comfort > nourishment

• Babies react in three ways
• 1) securely attached use mom and dad as home base; run bac to them in a strange situation; reaction to them leaving: cry/ come back: stop crying

2) avoidant: insecure attachment: mom leaves, babe doesn't care; mom comes back, babe doesn't care

3) anxious/ambivalent: insecure attachment/ mom leaves= baby cries/ mom comes back= baby angry at mom for leaving them

4) Disorganized: you don't know what reaction you're gonna get (insecure attachment)

• 1) Authoritarian
• 2) Authoritative
• 3) Permissive
• 4) Neglectful

Rigid and punitive; inflexible

value unquestining obedience and mature responsibility from children

Remain aloof and detached

Children are easily upset, moody, aggressive, and generally have poor communication skills 

Cold at times and don't like to be questioned

Effect on kids: aggressive, bossy, moody, bad COM skills

• give you everything you want
• They want to be your friend
• Not many demands/ responsibility

• foster more give-and take
• more responsibility divided

High expectations

Let you question authority; give you privileges and is encouraging

• parents are not around
• Kids hold all of the responsibilities to take care of selves and others

not being neglectful because tthey want to

Temperament theory: biology and personality development

Said that temperament is an individual's innate behavioral style and characteristic emotional response; temperament is what you're born with

what you're born with

• Easy: scheduled, routined, happy; Does't cry all the time
• Difficult: cry constantly; not on a schedule; moody; stomach probs; doesn't eat when they need to
• Slow to warm up: hesitant

They concluded that, if you take your parents' style and match it up with the right temperament, then you're good to go

Goodness of Fit between the child's nature, parental behavirs, and the social and environment setting

If you're give the idea that you'll pass or some one you love is taken from you, you go through five stages

Denial of the terminal condition

Anger

Bargaining

Depression

Acceptance