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is a Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance
Claudius Galen
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described various method of extracting the crude drugs for the first time
Galen
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the branch dealing with the extraction of plants and animal drugs
Galenical Pharmacy
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involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissue from the inactive or inert components by using selective solvents
extraction
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various methods used for extraction
- Infusion
- Decoction
- Digestion
- Maceration
- Percolation
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emetine is from _____
reserpine is from ______
atropine is from ______
- ipecac root
- Rauwolfia Serpentina root
- Belladonna leaves
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carmine is from the insect
cochineal bugs
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solvent of extraction
menstruum
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filtrate is known as
extract
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damp crude drug is known as
marc
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advantages of infusion
- herb teas are good substitute for black tea or coffee addiction
- absorbed better than tablets
- good choice when strong doses are not desired
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disadvantages of infusion
- shorter shelf life
- inconvenient to carry
- large amount must be taken
- unpalatable
- toxic when taken in raw form
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advantages of maceration
- for extraction of plants containing large amounts of gum or mucilage which swell considerably when moistened
- more simple
- less complicated and more easily acquired
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disadvantage of maceration
time consuming
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advantages of percolation
- lesser time to make than maceration
- easier and faster to prepare
- does not have to press the marc
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disadvantages of percolation
- fine powders may clog the percolator
- if materials are not distributed homogenously, solvent may not reach all areas
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advantages of water
- cheap
- wide solvent action
- non toxic
- non inflammable
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disadvantages of water
- helps growth of molds and bacteria
- large amount of heat is required
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advantages of alcohol
molds and bacteria cannot grow on ↑20% alcohol
- non toxic
- small amount of heat is required
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disadvantages of alcohol
- costly
- certain alcohols are rarely used
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in this process a suitably finally divided drug is treated with either hot or cold water for certain length of time, after which the fluid portion is strained off and retained and the solid portion is rejected
infusion
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2 types of infusion
- fresh infusion
- concentrated infusion
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classification of maceration
- simple maceration
- maceration with adjustment
- multiple maceration
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a process for tinctures made from organized drugs
simple maceration
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a process for tinctures made from unorganized drugs such as oleo resins and gum resins
maceration with adjustment
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process wherein the menstruum used is divided into parts
multiple maceration
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3 types of apparatus used in percolation
- conical percolator
- cylindrical percolator
- seam jacketed percolator
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in this process the drug is subjected to pressure and thus its juices are obtained
expression
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in this process solids are separated from fluids by allowing the latter to pass out through a porous diaphragm
filtration
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in this process the watery constituents of drugs are got rid by the aid of current of either hot or cold air
vesication
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in this process volatile substances are separated from non volatile or less volatile by the aid of heat
distillation
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in this process the drug is reduced to a very finely divided condition
pulverization
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intimate mixing and powdering of two drugs by means of a mortar and pestle or of a spatula
trituration
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fluid esters of the higher fatty acids with glycerol obtained by expression from fruits, seeds, etc
fixed oils
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are solid esters of higher fatty acids and glycerol and are soluble in the same reagents as the oils
fats
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are usually mixtures of higher fatty acids and glycerol and higher alcohol
waxes
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are usually mixtures of hydrocarbons chhiefly fluids terpenes associated with more highly more oxidized mebers stearoptenes which may be obtained in a solid state
volatile or essential oil
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solid preparation obtained from oils by oxidation
resins
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resins or oleo resins either liquid or solid which contain benzoic or cinnamic acids or both
balsams
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solid or semi solid exudations of plants which dissolve either partially or completely in water, forming a mucilage or an adhesive jelly and are precipitated by alcohol
gums
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active principles which may be readily broken up by acids or alkalies in the presence of water setting free glucose
glucosides
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nitrogenous organic bases usually pyridine derivatives which are generally crystalline though some are liquid
alkaloids
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these are weak acids containing benzene ring, astingent in taste, freely soluble in alcohol and water
tannins or tannic acid
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