13

defenses against any pathogen that we have at birth or soon after

induced resistance to a pathogen

• B cells mature in bone marrow
• Antibodies circulating in the blood
• Active against free antigens

• t cells mature in thymus
• mobilize cells- phagocytes and t cells
• active against bound antigens- inside of cell

a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells

interact with epitodes or antigenic determinants

Reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with

Causes inflammation and cell lysis

Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis

Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa, and blocks attachment of toxin

Antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells

Mistaken identity

the study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

generic term for serum because it contains antibodies

antibodies

serum fraction containing antibodies

globular proteins called immunoglobulins

• Monomer
• 80% of serums antibodies 
• Fix complement
• In blood, lymph, and intestine
• Cross placenta
• Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn

• Pentamer
• 5-10% of serums antibodies
• Fix complement
• In blood, lymph, and on B cells
• Agglutinates microbes; first antibody produced in response to infection. Causes clumps, first responder to infection

• Dimer
• 10-15% of serum Antibodies
• In secretions 
• Mucosal protection

• Monomer
• .2% of serums antibodies
• In blood, lymph, and on B cells
• On B cells, initiate immune response other antibodies production.

• Monomer
• 0.002% of serum Antibodies
• On mast cells, on basophils and in blood
• Allergic reactions; lysis if parasitic worms
• Antibodies doing remediation (helping assist process along)

amount of antibody in the serum

occurs after initial contact with antigen

occurs after second exposure

Resulting from infection, everyday life

get antigen, make own memory cells, life long immunity

get antibody given too, die off later, no antigens no memory cells

transplacental or via colostrum

injection of antigen (vaccination)

injection of antigen, ex: snake bite toxin

expressed on mammalian cells

• Antigens presented with (self) MHC to the Th cell
• Th cell produces cytokines that activate the B cells

Stimulate the B cell to make Antibodies

• Antibody producing plasma cells
• memory cells

eliminates harmful B cells

one or several cells of a living organism are infected with a virus, leading to cell death. Cell death in organisms is necessary for the normal development of cells and the cell cycle maturation.

• A dendritic cell
• Activated macrophages

• Granular leukocytes destroy cells that do not express MHC1 on surface
• Kill virus infected and tumor cells
• Attack parasites

Cytokines

cytokine

Vaccines (ex: boosters needed when vaccine length ends)

• intermuscularly
• intradermaly

• Available for only a few diseases
• Stimulates IgA protection of mucous membrane
• easier to give than injections
• more readily accepted and well tolerated

• special binding substance required by some vaccines
•      -enhances immunogenicity
•      -prolongs antigen retention at the injection        site
•      -most common adjuvant: alum (aluminum        hydroxide salts)
• Carrier molecule so that it gives a strong enough response

• local reactions at the injection site
• fever
• allergies

• Panencephalitis (measles vaccine)
• Back mutation to a virulent strain (polio vaccine)
• Disease due to contamination with dangerous virus/chemicals
• Neurological effects of unknown cause (pertussis and swine flu vaccines)
• Allergic reactions to the medium rather than vaccine antigens (eggs or tissue culture)