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Innate immunity
defenses against any pathogen that we have at birth or soon after
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Adaptive immunity
induced resistance to a pathogen
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Dual Nature of adaptive Immunity
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Humoral Immunity
- B cells mature in bone marrow
- Antibodies circulating in the blood
- Active against free antigens
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cellular immuity
- t cells mature in thymus
- mobilize cells- phagocytes and t cells
- active against bound antigens- inside of cell
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Antigen (Ag)
a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
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Antibodies (Ab)
interact with epitodes or antigenic determinants
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Protective mechanism of binding antibodies to antigens: Aggulatination
Reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with
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Protective mechanism of binding antibodies to antigens: Activation of complement
Causes inflammation and cell lysis
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Protective mechanism of binding antibodies to antigens: Opsonization
Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
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Protective mechanism of binding antibodies to antigens: Neutralization
Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa, and blocks attachment of toxin
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Protective mechanism of binding antibodies to antigens: Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells
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Haptens
Mistaken identity
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Serology
the study of reactions between antibodies and antigens
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Antiserum
generic term for serum because it contains antibodies
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Immunoglobulins
antibodies
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Gamma globulin
serum fraction containing antibodies
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Antibodies= _____ proteins called _____
globular proteins called immunoglobulins
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IgG Antibodies: (6)
- Monomer
- 80% of serums antibodies
- Fix complement
- In blood, lymph, and intestine
- Cross placenta
- Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn
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IgM (mega) Antibodies: (5)
- Pentamer
- 5-10% of serums antibodies
- Fix complement
- In blood, lymph, and on B cells
- Agglutinates microbes; first antibody produced in response to infection. Causes clumps, first responder to infection
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IgA Antibodies (4)
- Dimer
- 10-15% of serum Antibodies
- In secretions
- Mucosal protection
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IgD Antibodies (4)
- Monomer
- .2% of serums antibodies
- In blood, lymph, and on B cells
- On B cells, initiate immune response other antibodies production.
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IgE Antibodies (4)
- Monomer
- 0.002% of serum Antibodies
- On mast cells, on basophils and in blood
- Allergic reactions; lysis if parasitic worms
- Antibodies doing remediation (helping assist process along)
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Antibody titer
amount of antibody in the serum
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Primary response
occurs after initial contact with antigen
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Secondary (memory or anamnestic) response
occurs after second exposure
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Immune response to an antigen
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Naturally acquired active immunity
Resulting from infection, everyday life
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Active
get antigen, make own memory cells, life long immunity
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Passive
get antibody given too, die off later, no antigens no memory cells
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Natural acquired passive immunity
transplacental or via colostrum
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Artificially acquired active immunity
injection of antigen (vaccination)
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Artificially acquired passive immunity
injection of antigen, ex: snake bite toxin
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Major histocompatability complex (MHC)
expressed on mammalian cells
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T dependent antigens
- Antigens presented with (self) MHC to the Th cell
- Th cell produces cytokines that activate the B cells
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T independent antigens
Stimulate the B cell to make Antibodies
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B cells differentiate into
- Antibody producing plasma cells
- memory cells
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Colonal deletion
eliminates harmful B cells
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Apoptosis
one or several cells of a living organism are infected with a virus, leading to cell death. Cell death in organisms is necessary for the normal development of cells and the cell cycle maturation.
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Types of antigen presenting cells
- A dendritic cell
- Activated macrophages
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Natural Killer (NK) cells
- Granular leukocytes destroy cells that do not express MHC1 on surface
- Kill virus infected and tumor cells
- Attack parasites
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Cells communicate via
Cytokines
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Interleukin is ______
cytokine
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Different length of time depend on type of _________
Vaccines (ex: boosters needed when vaccine length ends)
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Most vaccines are administered
- intermuscularly
- intradermaly
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Nasal and Oral Vaccines
- Available for only a few diseases
- Stimulates IgA protection of mucous membrane
- easier to give than injections
- more readily accepted and well tolerated
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Adjuvant
- special binding substance required by some vaccines
- -enhances immunogenicity
- -prolongs antigen retention at the injection site
- -most common adjuvant: alum (aluminum hydroxide salts)
- Carrier molecule so that it gives a strong enough response
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Common reactions of vaccine side effects
- local reactions at the injection site
- fever
- allergies
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Rare reactions of vaccine side effects
- Panencephalitis (measles vaccine)
- Back mutation to a virulent strain (polio vaccine)
- Disease due to contamination with dangerous virus/chemicals
- Neurological effects of unknown cause (pertussis and swine flu vaccines)
- Allergic reactions to the medium rather than vaccine antigens (eggs or tissue culture)
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