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Totalitarianism
- theory of govt. in which a single party or leader controls the economic, social, & cultural lives of its people
- Single-party dictatorship exerting control over all aspects of life
- Strong, charismatic leader often at head of govt.
- State control of the economy
- Use of police, spies, & terror to enforce the will of the state
- Govt. control of the media & use of propaganda to indoctrinate citizens
- Use of schools & youth organizations to spread ideology to children
- Strict censorship of artists, intellectuals, & political rivals w/ dissenting opinions
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Mein Kampf
- “My Struggle”
- Written by Hitler while in prison
- Stated his explanations for the problems facing
- Germany
- His blueprint for world domination
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Mein Kampf
- “My Struggle”
- Written by Hitler while in prison
- Stated his explanations for the problems facing
- Germany
- His blueprint for world domination
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Acts of Aggression by the Axis Powers
- Italy invades Ethiopia - troops sent to border disputes - League of Nations imposes boycotts & other countries condemn their actions
- Germany invades Rhineland - Direct violation of Versailles Treaty - seen as no reason for war - Rome-Berlin Axis
- Japan & China clash - Manchuria annexed - Japan leaves League of Nations - Beijing invaded - Japan wanted to control all of East
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Hitler's Foreign Policy Goals
- Hegemony - dominance of Europe
- Racial war - eliminated "inferior" races
- Rebuild German military
- Bring all Germans into his empire - Austria & Sudetenland
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Munich Conference
- Appeasement
- Neville Chamberlain & Edouard Daladier meet w/ Hitler & Mussolini
- Hitler given Sudetenland
- Hitler invades Sudetenland, Mussolini invades Albania (League of Nations has failed)
- Br. & Fr. mobilize & promise to protect Poland if attacked
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Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact
- agreed not to attack each other
- secretly divide up Poland
- both sides knew this was temporary
- appeasement failed - Hitler invades Poland & sweeps through the country
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Sept 3, 1939
Br. & Fr. declare war on Germany - WWI begins!
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Blitzkrieg
- Lightning Warfare
- air attacks
- tanks
- troops
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Battle of Britain
- German Luftwaffe - air force hoped to "soften the island for invasion"
- Radar used for 1st time
- Germany blockade Britain
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Lend-Lease Act
- supply war materials to Britain on credit
- considered violation of US war neutrality
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Atlantic Chrter
FDR & Churchill draft common goals & aims for peace
Very Wilsonian – 14 points
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Problems w/ Japan
- Japan increasing Asian conquests
- Embargo on Japan – hurts Japan much bc Japan needed oil
- Lend-Lease Program extended to China
- “Peace Mission” to Washington - Stop aiding China - Lift the embargo - US refuses – Japanese diplomats radio Japanese at home that diplomatic mission has failed
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December 7, 1941
Attack on Pearl Harbor
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Allied Powers
US, USSR, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, France
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Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan, Thailand, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
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Neutral Countries
Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Turkey, South America
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Erwin Rommel
- Battle of El Alamein
- Axis Powers
- Desert Fox gaining territory in North Africa
- Drove out by Bernard Montgomery
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Bernard Montgomery
- Battle of El Alamein
- Allied Powers
- Stops Gen. Rommel
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Battle of El Alamein
- turning point in North Africa
- Rommel & Montgomery
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Battle of Atlantic
- U-Boat Warfare
- US & Br. losing ships faster than they can replace them
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Operation Barbarosa
- Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
- Surprise attack on Soviets - Russian winter - happened like Napoleon
- Everything goes wrong for the Nazis – almost won, but didn’t
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Scorched Earth
as the Soviets retreat, they destroy everything they left behind
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Nuremberg Laws
- stripped Jews of German citizenship, jobs, & prosperity
- forced to wear yellow stars of David
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Night of Broken Glass
Nazis attack Jewish people & property
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New Order
Hitler wished to unite Europe under one empire w/ all "inferior" races exterminated
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Final Solution
- Hitler's destruction to Jewish population in German-occupied areas
- many sent to concentration camps - killed, starved, humiliated, worked to death
- many experiments done to prisoners
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Heinrich Himmler
head of SS/Schutzstaffel - Nazi Secret Police
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Fall of Italy
- Germany defeated in Africa
- Allies invade Sicily & Italy
- Mussolini removed from power; returns; removed from power; returns, captured, executed
- Italy declares war on Germany, German troops fought the Allies in Italy - occurring same time as D-Day
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June 6, 1944
- D-Day (Operation Overlord)
- Allied Invasion of Normandy
- Largest fleet ever assembled
- Hitler was expecting an invasion from further north
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Battle of the Bulge
- Germany's last major offensive
- Largest land battle of WWII
- not successful for us at 1st bc harsh winter
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May 8, 1945
- VJ Day - Victory in Europe
- Allies enter Germany - total destruction of Germany
- Churchill nervous about Stalin's post-war intentions
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Sept. 2, 1945
- Allies surround Japan - Japan won't surrender
- Pres. Truman ordered atomic bombss dropped on Hiroshima, then Nagasaki
- Gen. MacArthur accepted Japanese terms of surrender
- Emperor allowed to stay but no longer has power; must renounce his divinity
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island hopping
strategy of conquering only certain Pacific islands that were important to the allied advance toward Japan
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