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Homologous chromosomes
a set of one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis. These copies have the same genes in the same locations, or loci.
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allele
different variations of the same gene
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Phloem
cells specialized to transport organic materials synthesized by plant
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cortex (roots)
- parenchyma cells for starch storage and air spaces
- endodermis
- casparian strips to repel water
- passage cells
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Primary growth in roots,
dicot/monocot
vascular tissue maturation
- xylem cells mature 1st, usually sm diameter cells
- shatter as other cells elongate around periphery
- later maturing xylem will be in place (<cell diameter)
- dicot root
- monocot root
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Primary growth in stems,
dicot/monocot
- Growth:
- shoot apical meristem
- -zone of cell: division, elongation, maturation
- -protected by leaves/scales
- -node/internode
- -lateral bud
- -leaf bud
- vascular layer
- function = transport/structure
- includes p, x, fibers, pith (parenchyma cells), cambium (in some)
- dicot stem:
- monocot stem:
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Leaves
- Prophyll
- Microphyll
- Megaphyll
- epidermal cells (cuticle, epidermal c, bulliform c, stomata)
- cortex
- vasc tissue (and bundle sheath)
- dicot leaf:
- monocot leaf:
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types of roots
- storage roots - sweet potato
- epiphyte roots - velamen layers of empty cells that absorb/hold water for gradual transport to other parts of plant and epidermis. orchids
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homospory
producing one type of spore, giving rise to the gametophyte by mitosis
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heterospory
production of two types of spores, the megaspore and the microspore
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1st plants
- just stems
- no leaves/roots
- stems may have photosynthesized
- microphylls = leaves w/ 1 bundle of x/p
- sporangia -> hap spores -> gametophyte
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Phylum Lycophyta
- ground cedar,
- princess pine
seedless!
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Phylum Lycophyta,
Family Lycopodiaceae
- ground cedar, seedless
- sporophyte - branching rhizome, areal branches, true roots
- microphylls spirally arranged
- sporangia on sporophylls clustered on strobilus
- homosporus
- spores only produce bisexual gametophytes (long lived)
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homosporus
spores only produce bisexual gametophytes
spores produce gametophytes with both antheridia and archegonia
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Family Selaginellaceae
Shinning club moss
- Like lycopodiophyta:
- microphylls (wannabe leaf) on strobili
- often creeping growth habitat
- sporangia on sporophylls clustered on strobilus
- unlike lycopodiophyta:
- Heterosporus, microspores produce m gametophytes, megaspores produce f gametophytes
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Family Isoetaceae
- large microphylls
- sporophylls
- heterosporus - mega/micro spores
- gametophyte unisexual
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Phylum Monilophyta
- ferns and relatives
- 2nd only to flowering plants in diversity
- most abundant/diverse in tropical envs
true leaves (fronds), sporangia
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Life cycle of a fern
- dom sporophyte
- water for fertilization
- indep gametophyte (prothallus)
- new sporo gen dependent on gametophyte
- pollen for reprod w/o water
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Equisetopsida
scouring rushes and horsetails
- scale-like leavesjointed stems
- separate sporangiophore containing sporangia
- sporangia on undersides of sporangiophores
- homosporous
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Polypodiopsida
- rhizomes and true roots&leaves
- homosporus
- sporangia always on lower leaf surface,
- -may be grouped in sori
- -often produced during devel by inusium
- Layers
- -outer: annulus, lip cells
- -tapetum
- -spore mother cells inside
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Coniferophyta general
- xylem (wood) tissue: tracheids
- phloem (nutrient-conducting)
- tissue: sieve element
- leaves: modified into needles
- thick cuticle
- low surface/volume
- few stomata
- sporophyte (diploid) dominate part of life cycle
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Coniferophyta sexual reproduction
- Microsporangiate strobilus
- produces pollen grains, 4n cells by meiosis
- pollen grain - outer spore protects microgametophyte inside
- Megasporangiate cone
- woody, ovuliferous scale and sterile bract branch off of central axis
- f gametophyte produce by megaspore
- ovule:
megaspore mother cell (2n)-> megagametophyte w/ 2 archegonia embedded in it (egg cell)
only 1 functional megaspore (n) per megasporangium
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Coniferophyta seed
fertilized, mature ovule
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Other gymnosperm groups may have
- flagellated sperm
- broad leaves
- double fertilization
- vessel elements as xylem tissue
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Cycadophyta
- gymnosperm
- palm-like tropical plants
- separate male and female plants (dioecious)
- circinate vernation
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Flowering plants general
- seed plants
- sporophyte dominant 2n
- vascular
- heterosporus
- f gam retained by sporophyte
- flowers
- darwin's abominable mystery
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what makes up stem epidermis
- culticle
- stomata (guard cells, air space)
- epidermal cels
- hairs (trichomes)
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what makes up stem cortex
- parenchyma cells
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
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what makes up stem vascular tissue
- phloem (sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem fibers)
- vascular cambium
- xylem, vessel elements
- pith - parenchyma cells
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what makes up leaf epidermis
- cuticle
- stomata - guard cells, air space
- epidermal cells
- hairs
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what makes up leaves?
- epidermis
- ground tissue
- vascular tissue
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what makes up leaf ground tissue (mesophyll)
- pallisade mesophyll
- spongy mesophyll
- air spaces
- bundle sheath
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The first vascular plants had
- no true roots
- spores produced in sporangia
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Lycopodium and its relatives (the Lycophyta) all produce
- microphylls
- one sporangium on each sporophyll
- separate gametophyte and sporophyte stages to their life
- cycles
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Ferns have
- have true leaves called megaphylls
- produce sporangia clustered together in sporangiophores
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In conifers the nucellus/megasporangium tissue of an ovule _____.
is located within the female gametophyte
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Water-conserving characteristics of conifers include
- leaves modified as needles to reduce surface area
- very thin cuticle layers on epidermal surfaces
- xylem elements (vessels) that individually hold very large water volumes
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The stems of dicot plants differ from those of monocot stem because dicot stems _____ while monocots do not.
have vascular bundles arranged in a ring-like pattern
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In a vascular plant context explain the difference between a spore and a gamete.
- spores germinate to form a new haploid gametophyte plant
- gametes fuse with other gametes to form the zygote and restore diploid number,
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Why is a seed considered such an important adaptation in the evolution of plants?
- seed coat protects embryo inside from outside
- env
- allows the embryo to remain dormant until the
- presence of water
- aide dispersal (wind, water, animal foot, burrs)
- contains nourishment for the developing embryo
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The four living phyla
of gymnosperms are not particularly closely related in an evolutionary sense,
however, these phyla are still collectively called “gymnosperms”. Explain why
the term is validly applied to the conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and the Gnetales.
- they all produce seeds not enclosed within an
- ovary
- they are all vascular, sporophyte dominant
- plants, heterosporous
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antheridium
the haploid structure that produces/contains male gametes.
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endodermis
the central, innermost layer of the cortex. includes the hydrophobic Casparian strip.
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homologous chromosome
the pair of mother/father chromosome that comes together during meiosis.
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microspore
produces male gametophyte (pollen)/4n cells by meiosis in the microsporangium
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ovule
produces female reproductive cells. includes integument, nucellus, f gametophyte
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root apical meristem
source of new cell growth, contains the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
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list 3 types of tissues found in roots, stems, and leaves of vasc plants and state primary function of each
- x/p vasc bundle, transport water/organic/inorganic mat
- epidermis protects, control what goes in/out
- cortex - provides structural support, carries out metabolic processes such as starch storage and/or photo synth
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during the first half of meiosis (pro1--tel-1), homologous pairs of chromosomes consists of a total of ___ chromatids.
four
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each haploid cell that is the product of meiosis and cytokinesis is genetical distinct b/c of the rearrangement of genetic info during the ____ steps of meiosis.
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non-seed vasc plants such as ___ produce 2 kinds of spores, one that will produce a f gamethophyte and 1 that will produce a m game.
selaginella (shining club moss)
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