Bacteriology- Oxygen Metabolism and Genes.txt

Pathogenic bacteria are _____________.

Source of energy for photoheterotroph and photoautotroph growth.

Source of carbon for growth of autotrophs.

Source of carbon for the growth of heterotrophs.

Source of energy for growth of chemoautotrophs.

Source of energy for the growth of chemoheterotrophs.

_____________ require oxygen for growth and have a respiratory metabolism.

__________ require oxygen-free conditions for growth and have a fermentative metabolism.

Mycobacterium and bordatella are ____________.

Give 2 examples of an obligate anaerobe.

Oxygen is ________ because it becomes ____________.

Grow either aerobically, using oxidative phosphorylation, or anaerobically by fermentation.

Bacteria that require oxygen for growth but prefer a reduced oxygen concentration of 3-15%.

Bacteria that prefer a carbon dioxide concentration and b/ 3 and 20 percent.

Process by which large quantities of ATP are formed by oxidative phosphorylation.

Process by which small amount of ATP are formed, NADH is used to reduce pyruvate.

The hub of fermentation.

Under anaerobic conditions the electron transport systems may be coupled to electron acceptors other than oxygen.

What are the 4 types of alterations in the nucleotide sequences of DNA?

the substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine and vice versa.

the substitution of purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine.

Occur as a result of base pair substitution which may result in missense, nonsense, or neutral mutation.

2 types of physical mutagens.

Physical mutagens cause formation of _________.

Agents that alter the pyrimidines or purines to cause errors in base pairing to labilize the base to spontaneous chemical modification.

Agents which interact with DNA and its secondary structure, producing local distortions in the helix, and therefore, promoting replication and recombination errors.

Transformation occurs with ________.

Conjugation occurs with ___________ and require _________.

Transduction is a mechanism of ____________.

Process when DNA binds irreversibly to recipient bacteria, traverses the membrane with concomitant hydrolysis of one of the strands resulting in a single-stranded molecule gaining entrance to the cell; DNA single strand synapses with homologous regions of the endogenote; and recombination occurs.

Powerful mechanism of adaptation of pathogens.

A nonessential extrachromosomal double stranded circular DNA capable of autonomous replication; required for conjugation.

A plasmid capable of replication either autonomously or as in integrated part of the host chromosome.

The transfer of genetic material by direct contact b/w donor and recipient; plasmid is essential.

converts F- to F+ cells

tip able to attach to surface of an F- cell

specific receptor site for F pilus attachment

With F-mediated conjugation, the first step is _______ attachment; then, it retracts, allowing __________; both donor and recipient become __________.

Process by which both plasmid and host chromosome are transferred to the recipient by conjugation mediated by the episome.

With Hfr transfer, the _______ is the donor cell.

The Hfr cell has a ________ integrated with the host chromosome, which initiates conjugation with the _______ cell to transfer ________.

Plasmids carrying genes that confer the resistance to normally toxic substances.

Bacteriophage capable of entering a lysogenic cycle.

Bacteriophage capable of producing new viruses and lyses the bacteria.

Inactivated phage genome which replicates synchronously with the host genome that produces repressor, which inhibit productive replication and maturation of phage particles.

The repressor is produced by the _________ and inhibits productive replication and maturation of the _________.

Prophage is integrated into the host chromosome and replicates as part of the host genome.

Prophage attaches to the cell membrane as independent entity, replicating in synchrony w/ host genome

What are the 3 steps of the lysogenic cycle?

Transduction that results from defective prophage excision, involving a λ-type prophage and only bacterial genes near the sites of prophage attachment; aberrant excision.

Transduction that result from packaging error during maturation, involving a P1-type prophage and any portion of the bacterial genome.

What 3 things can be spread by gene transfer that are of public health significance?

What are 2 types of ingress (do not cross epithelial barrier), which bacteria use to enter the body?

What are 4 types of penetration (cross epithelial barrier) that bacteria can sue to enter the body?

Cell lysis, apoptosis, pharmacological alterations of metabolism, and damage due to host responses (inflammation) are examples of what stage of disease-causing by bacteria?

The immune response provides ______ and _______ defense.

What are the 2 types of pathogenic bacteria?

Opportunistic pathogens affect __________ or have an ____________.

What is an antiphagocytic factor of bacteria that allows them to cause disease?

Gram-positive bacteria have what unique antiphagocytic factor?

Pili, M protein, and cytoplasmic membrane are _____________ factors.

Haemophilus influenzae has a ________________ that helps it to invade the meninges.

Bacteria utilize ____________ to avoid immune recognition and destruction.

Intracellular parasites induce internalization and avoid _______________.

3 facultative intracellular bacteria that multiply in the membrane-bound inclusion of macrophages by inhibiting lysosomal fusion with the phagosome.

Facultative intracellular bacteria that multiply in the phagolysosome.

Facultative intracellular bacteria that multiply in the cytoplasm.

Obligate intracellular bacteria that escape from the phagosome to the cytoplasm to multiply in the cytoplasm.

Obligate intracellular bacteria that multiply in the exocytic compartment.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Moraxella bovis achieve genotypic variation of cell surface Ag by variation in _______.

Bacteria achieve genotypic variation in cell surface Ag by _______________.

Give examples of phenotypic variation of cell surface Ag. (3)

When gram (-) bacteria cross an epithelial barrier, __________ acts on macrophages, which then release ___(5)___ in large quantities, causing...(4)

Exotoxins that act from the outside have what affect on the cell?

Exotoxins which act from the inside have hat affect on the cell?

Exotoxins that lyse erythrocytes (sometimes phagocytic cells as well).

Which s. aureus hemolysin(s) that produce zones of complete hemolysis on sheep blood agar.

Which s. aureus hemolysin(s) produce a zone of incomplete hemolysis on sheep blood agar?

S. aureus beta toxin hemolysin degrades ___________ of the ___________.

S. aureus delta toxin hemolysin lyses erythrocytes by a _______________.

Oxygen-labile hemolysin of group A streptococci which binds cholesterol in the membrane.

Toxins that kill and lyse phagocytic cells.

S. aureus leukocidin has to components that interact __________ and interrupt ___________ of the ____________ membrane.

Diphtheria toxin inhibits ____________ by catalyzing the inactivation of _____.

Diphtheria toxin has two fragments; ___________ binds to the cell membrane, facilitating the entry of ________ into the cell; it inactivates EF-2 by coupling it with ______________.

___________ of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mode of action is similar to that of Diphtheria toxin.

Multicomponent protein complex that inhibits eukaryotic cytoplasmic protein biosynthesis by inactivating the 60S ribosomal subunits ina catalytic manner.

Choleragen of vibrio cholerae is a(n) ___________ that activates __________, which enzymatically degrades ATP, leading to increased intracellular levels of _________, stimulating hypersecretion of _____ and ______.

Heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli stimulates ___________.

Heat-stable enterotoxin of E. coli activates __________, which enzymatically degrades GTP, causing a subsequent increase in ___________.

Botulism toxins of C. botulinum inhibits the release of _________ from __________, resulting in ___________.

Tetanus toxin of C. tetani blocks ________________ in the CNS, resulting in ____________ and _____________.

Extracellular enzyme that cleaves specific molecules and is known as "spreading factor."

Extracellular enzymes that degrade membranes, resulting in tissue necrosis and exhibits several toxic effects, which include hemolytic, dermonecrotic, and lethal.

B. bronchiseptica produces and releases _______________, which is an extracellular enzyme enters eukaryotic cells and causes whooping cough.

Small, iron-chelating molecules; examples include aerobactin and enterobatin of E. coli and mycobactrin of M. tuberculosis.

Ag that bind MHC of APC and stimulate large numbers of T cell nonspecifically, causing derangement of the immune response.

Exotoxin is released by ________ parent organisms.

Endotoxin is produced by _________ parent organisms.

Exotoxins are ________ in chemical nature.

Endotoxins are _________ in chemical nature.

Exotoxins are ________ at 100°C.

Endotoxins are _________ at 100°C.

Exotoxins are ________ in formaldehyde.

Endotoxins are _________ in formaldehyde.

Neutralization of exotoxins by Ab is _________.

Neutralization of endotoxins by Ab is _________.

Biologic activity os exotoxin is __________, whereas biologic activity of endotoxin is __________.

Exotoxins have ________ toxicity than endotoxin.

Many gram (-) bacteria use __________- and _________ secretion systems for subverting the normal cellular functions of their target eukaryotic cells.

Type III and type IV secretion systems evolved from ___________ and ___________, respectively, which function like a syringe to inject proteins through an external needle into a target cell's membrane and cytosol.

A family of signal sensor (histidine autokinase), transduction, and response regulatory systems that allows bacteria to sense wide varieties of environmental signals and respond rapidly to changes in their environment.