The flashcards below were created by user
Mawad
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
5 clinical signs of diffuse muscle disease.
short stride/ choppy gait, weakness, decreased muscle tone, atrophy (often severe and rapid), "elephant on a beach ball" posture
-
4 blood values that are commonly elevated with diffuse muscle disease?
CK, ALT, LDH, cardiac troponin
-
Why does a normal value for CK not rule out diffuse muscle disease?
CK is only elevated when muscles are ruptured through degeneration or necrosis; there are many inflammatory muscle diseases that do not cause rupture and are therefore accompanied by normal CK
-
How does an electromyocardiogram (EMG) work?
measures spontaneous electrical activity of muscle; under general anesthesia, muscles should have low/no spontaneous electrical activity (unless there is pathology)
-
How can you describe the different types of spontaneous electrical activity found on EMG?
fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves, myotonic potential
-
EMG cannot distinguish __________ from ___________; _________ is required to make a specific diagnosis.
nerve dz; muscle dz; biopsy
-
What are the 2 types of polymyositis, and in what species are they most common?
autoimmune- dogs, infectious- cats
-
With polymyositis, there is ___________ inflammation that is primarily ___________.
mixed; lymphocytic
-
With infectious polymyositis, what 2 etiologic agents are most common?
toxoplasma, neospora
-
Immune-mediated polymyositis is ___________ inflammation of multiple muscle groups; it is diagnosed by...
idiopathic; muscle biopsy and ruling out infectious causes.
-
Autoimmune polymyositis affecting laryngeal mm may present with ______________; affecting laryngeal and pharyngeal mm may present with ___________; with esophageal involvement, may present with ___________.
increased upper airway sounds;change to the tone of bark; passive vomiting
-
How do you treat immune-mediated polymyositis?
immunosuppressive drugs
-
Masticatory myositis is a(n)____________ inflammatory condition of the muscles innervated by the ______________.
autoimmune; mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
-
The onset of masticatory myositis is relatively ___________, and it usually presents as ____________.
acute; inability to open the jaw
-
Masticatory myositis involves atrophy of... (3)
masseter, digastricus, and temporalis mm.
-
Describe the pathogenesis of masticatory myositis.
autoimmune attack on 2M muscle fibers, which are unique to the muscles of mastication.
-
Acutely, masticatory myositis involves __________ muscles; chronically, there is _____________.
swollen, painful; marked atrophy and fibrosis
-
How do you diagnose masticatory myositis? (2)
serum 2M antibody titer, temporalis muscle biopsy
-
How do you treat masticatory myositis? (2)
immunosuppressive prednisone, supportive care
-
Steroid myopathy can result from ____________ or ___________ and presents as _____________.
Cushing disease; iatrogenic steroids long-term; muscle wasting
-
A small number of animals with cushings disease end up with idiopathic cushings myotonia, which is...
when sustained, abnormal contraction of skeletal muscle leads to hypertrophy.
-
What are characteristic clinical findings associated with cushings myotonia? (3)
characteristic gait, large muscles proximally, myotonic discharges on EMG
-
How do you treat cushings myotonia? (2)
(if not inherited form) treat underlying cushings, give chloride channel inhibitors (procainamide, mexilitine)
-
Hypokalemic myopathy in cats has a relatively _________ onset of... (4)
acute; weakness, muscle pain, ventroflexion of the neck, elevated CK.
-
Hypokalemic myopathy in cats is very commonly associated with ____________.
chronic renal failure
-
How do you treat hypokalemic myopathy in cats?
K+ supplementation
-
Muscular dystrophy is a ___________ disease with a hallmark ____________.
congenital; severely elevated CK
-
Muscular dystrophy may present with... (4)
progressive weakness, atrophy or hypertrophy of muscles, dysphagia, trouble breathing
-
Muscular dystrophy is life-threatening when it causes _________.
congestive heart failure
-
Muscular dystrophy is caused by...
X-linked (mostly males) mutation in dystrophin gene, leading to destabilization of muscle membranes
|
|