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List some relevant welfare legislation
- Protection of Animal at the Time of Killing (PATOK) (EC) No 1099/2009
- Welfare of Animals at the Time of Killing 2012 (WATOK)
- Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2205 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations
- The Animal Welfare Act 2006
- The Protection of Animals Act 1911
- The Animal Heath Act 1981
- The Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966
- The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997
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What are the two methods of mechanical stunning?
- Free bullet guns
- Captive bolt pistols
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What species are free bullet guns good for?
Horses
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How far off the animals head must you hold a shotgun?
5-20cm
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How does a shotgun work?
It creates a small entry wound but disperses in the brain and kills the animal
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True or false: as a vet you need a licence to use a shotgun?
True - only licensed to use a captive bolt pistol
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Can you kill an animal with a captive bolt?
No - they are only humane stunners
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What type of cartridges are used in captive bolt pistols?
Blank cartridges
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What is meant by percussion?
To make the animal unconscious by administering a severe blow to the skull of the animal. This may not kill the animal.
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What are the different positions for a captive bolt in animals? Horse, cow, sheep/goat, horned sheep/goat, pig?
- Horse - just above or centre of X drawn between base of ears and lateral canthus of eye
- Cow - centre of X drawn between base of horns and lateral canthus of eye
- Sheep/goat - highest point of head
- Horned sheep/goat - behind horns
- Pig - centre of line drawn between eyes
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What is pithing?
When you introduce a plastic rod into the entry wound created by the captive bolt and destroy the brainstem to prevent the animal returning to consciousness
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Why is pithing not used in animals meant for human/animal consumption?
It introduces bacteria and has been associated with BSE contamination
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What are the signs of an effective stun?
- No rhythmic breathing
- A fixed glazed expression
- No corneal reflex
- A relaxed jaw
- Tongue hanging out
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What are the two phases that occur after stunning?
Tonic and clonic phases
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What happens in the tonic phase? How long does it last?
- Animal collapses, stops breathing, becomes rigid, head extended/hind limbs flexed, forelegs gradually straighten out, no eye reflex
- 10-20s
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What happens in the clonic phase?
Involuntary kicking
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What is sticking?
Sever major blood vessels to promote quick blood loss (death)
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When should sticking occur in a) cattle b) sheep and goats c) pigs?
- a) 1 min
- b) 15 seconds
- c) As soon as you can
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How long should you wait after pithing to dress/ES the carcase in a) cattle b) sheep, goats, pigs and deer?
- a) 30 seconds
- b) 20 seconds
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What are the other methods of stunning?
Electrical and gas
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