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How does the kidney clean the blood? (layman term) (2)
-it takes the blood puts it into a container (kidney tubule) then selectively sorts the material in the container.
-it keeps some of the material (returns it to the bloodstream) and discards the remaining material (puts it into the urine)
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3 processes that kidney uses to make urine
-glomerular filtration
-tubular absorption
-tubular secretion
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Processes that kidney uses to make urine) glomerular filtration
Putting blood into container (kidney tubule)
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Processes that kidney uses to make urine) tubular absorption
- Selective sorting and keeping
- *what's not absorbed into bloodstream is discarded
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Processes that kidney uses to make urine) tubular secretion
Discarding from blood to urine without going to filtration first
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Volumes) Filtrate ?
Contains all plasma except proteins and cells (RBC)
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Volumes) urine ?
Undesirable portion of the plasma that remains after the desirable portion of the plasma is returned to the blood
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Glomerular filtration) short summary
Put plasma into kidney tubules
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Glomerular filtration) Filtration membrane, where is it?
Between blood and glomerular capsule
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Glomerular filtration ) Pores
Are small to keep proteins and cells from entering kidney tubule
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Glomerular filtration ) filtration membrane, thin or thick?>
thin
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Glomerular filtration ) net filtration pressure, active or passive process?
- passive
- *high to low concentration
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Glomerular filtration ) net filtration pressure is dictated by
Difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressures of glomerular capillaries vs. the Bowman's capsule
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Glomerular filtration ) mm Hg from blood to capsule
10 mm hg
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GFR is
Glomerular filtration rate
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Glomerular filtration ) GFR, average ml/min
120 ml/min
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Glomerular filtration ) GFR, average L/day
180 L/day
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Glomerular filtration ) regulation of GFR, why is it important?
Protective to the kidney so its important to keep rate relatively constant
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JG cells cover the
Afferent and efferent arterioles
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If you have a high amount of blood flow to the kidney...) Intrinsic mechanism
Mechanism that will try to decrease flow into glomerulus & membrane
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If you have a high amount of blood flow to the kidney...) intrinsic mechanism activates
autoregulation
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If you have a high amount of blood flow to the kidney...) what does autoregulation lead to?
- Myogenic (arteriole smooth muscle) performing reflexive constriction that will cause constriction bc it is stretched by incoming of blood
- *less blood comes in will result
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If you have a high amount of blood flow to the kidney...) 2nd mechanism
tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
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If you have a high amount of blood flow to the kidney...) overview of tubuloglomerular feedback
- Macula densae releases chemical which regulate arteriole diameter
- *mostly afferent
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If you have a high amount of blood flow to the kidney...) IF high amount of citrate flow or high osmolality of filtrate then
Macula dense cells release chemical ATP that causes constriction of afferents arteriole
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If you have a high amount of blood flow to the kidney...) if filtrate flow rate is slow then
Macula dense cells release nitric oxide to cause dilation of afferents arteriole
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If you have a high amount of blood flow to the kidney...) Extrinsic: Sympathetic innervation causes
Constriction of afferents arteriole some efferent effects
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If you have a low amount of flow to kidney) renin-angiotensin: what is significant about afferents arterials?
It has fewer angiotensin receptors than efferent arterials
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If you have a low amount of flow to kidney) renin-angiotensin: what produces renin?
JG cells `
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If you have a low amount of flow to kidney) renin-angiotensin: linear schematic (6)
-decrease in renal blood flow prompts
-renin secretion
-renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin
-angiotensin leads to vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone released
- -aldosterone released leads to increased sodium retention
- *helps draw water to bloodstream
-increases blood volume
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Tubular reabsorption) prevents what?
Complete loss of blood components
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Tubular reabsorption) active reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule:
-secondary active transport with Na
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Tubular reabsorption) active reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: transport maximum
- Number of PRO carriers in membrane limits rate of reabsorption
- *too much of one substance can be hard to reasbsrob it all bc of the limited carriers
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule:
Movement of ions along electrochemical gradient established by Na
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: what happens to water?
Obligatory water movement goes back into blood
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: non-reabsorbed substances (3)
Urea, creatinine and uric acid
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: proximal convoluted tubule absorbs (6)
-glucose
-lactate
-A.As
-Na
-HCO3
-K
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: loop of Henley absorbs (4)
Water, Na, CL, K
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: distal convoluted tubule absorbs...(3)
na
k
Water
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: where is most of the filtrate reabsorbed?
In PCT
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: tubular secretion is
From blood to tubule avoiding filtration membrane
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: tubule secretion mainly occurs at?
PCT
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: tubular secretion in DCT and collecting duct
Some in DCT, CT
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Tubular reabsorption) Passive reabsorption to bloodstream from tubule: tubular secretion, what type of molecules go through this? (3)
-k
-nh4
-other acids
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Regulation of urine volume) uses
countercurrent mechanism
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Regulation of urine volume) what does the countercurrent mechanism do? (2)
Allows kidney to regulate blood volume by increasing or decreasing the amount of water lost in urine
Water retained goes back to bloodstream
***materials are exchanged in opposite directions
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Regulation of urine volume) which are the 2 tubes into he kidney that form the countercurrent mechanism?
Loop of henle
Vasa recta
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Regulation of urine volume) which type of nephron participates in countercurrent mechanism?
Juxtamedullary nephron
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Regulation of urine volume) Descending limb of loop...
- Permeable to water
- *so it can lose it
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Regulation of urine volume) acsdening limb of loop is
- Permeable to NA
- *so loses Na
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Regulation of urine volume) collecting duct is
- Permeable to urea
- *so it can lose urea
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Regulation of urine volume) vasa rectal does what? (2)
Absorbs material from loop & from collecting duct
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Regulation of urine volume) The water, ions lost that are picked up by vasa rectal...
Maintains osmotic gradient from top to bottom (cortex to medulla)
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Regulation of urine volume) osmolattily in cortex and medulla
Cortex = low
medulla= high
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Regulation of urine volume) gradient: collecting duct...
Uses the gradient to concentrate urine so it allows water to flow out
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Regulation of urine volume) cells of the CT are sensitive to
ADH
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Regulation of urine volume) when ADH is present, CT
Increases water permeability through water osmosis into interstitum then into vasa rectal and returned to blood
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Regulation of urine volume) CT has water channels in plasma membrane assembled bc of
ADH
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Regulation of urine volume) CT: if ash is absent, water will
Not be permitted to leave the CT regardless of the gradient outside
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DIlute urine mean
-little or no ADH
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What's renal clearance?
Volume of plasma from which substance is cleared per minute
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Urine characteristics ) yellow
bc of hemoglobin breakdown
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Urine characteristics ) odor (2)
minimal
Depends on bacteria and urea
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Urine characteristics ) pH
Acidic (6.0)
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Urine characteristics ) concentration variable
Not too great in humans compared with desert animals
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Urine characteristics ) does it contain other substances like glucose or proteins?
No it should not
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